Category: Housing

National maps on expungement, pardoning, and voting rights restoration

The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is pleased to unveil six new maps that visualize the Center’s research on national laws and policies for restoring rights and opportunities to people with a record. These maps are now available below and on the 50-state comparison pages (expungement, sealing & other record relief; civil rights; and pardoning). Each state can be clicked for a detailed summary of state law and policy. The Center will keep these maps updated, along with the rest of the Restoration of Rights Project, with future changes to the law. I. Record Relief (Expungement, Sealing, Set-Aside) The first three maps categorize each state’s record relief laws based on the availability of conviction relief, automatic relief, and non-conviction relief: Authority for Expunging, Sealing, or Setting Aside Convictions Broader felony & misdemeanor relief Limited felony & misdemeanor relief Misdemeanors & pardoned felonies Misdemeanor relief No general sealing or set-aside Note: Even if misdemeanor and/or felony relief is generally available, various offenses are generally ineligible. Conversely, states categorized as having no court sealing or set-aside may make relief available to limited categories of convictions (e.g., youthful drug convictions, convictions of human trafficking victims) and nearly all authorize sealing of at least some non-conviction records. Automatic Record Clearing A range of non-convictions, misdemeanors & certain felonies A range of non-convictions & misdemeanors Certain minor misdemeanors Certain marijuana-related records A range of non-convictions+ Note: A number of these laws have been enacted recently but have not yet been implemented or become effective. “Misdemeanors” and “felonies” refers to convictions. Although not noted in the chart, a number of laws covering misdemeanor and/or felony convictions also cover infractions and/or violations. Process for Expunging or Sealing Non-Convictions Automatic relief+ Expedited at disposition++ or upon admin. request Court petition (less burdensome/ restrictive) Court petition (more burdensome/ restrictive)* n/a + These automatic relief mechanisms may be limited: they may be prospective only or exclude certain dispositions.  In several states, uncharged arrests are not covered, and require the filing of a court petition to obtain relief. ++ Where relief is “expedited at disposition,” uncharged arrests typically require the filing of a court petition to obtain relief, and older cases may as well. * Often, more burdensome procedural requirements apply, such as waiting periods, document collection, service of process, filing fees, contested hearings, discretionary review. In addition, a number of these states make certain non-convictions wholly ineligible for relief because of the person’s past record, the nature of the charges, or the type of disposition.   II. Voting Rights The next pair of maps classify state laws regarding loss and restoration of voting rights due to conviction: Loss of Voting Rights Due to Conviction Never Upon felony conviction & incarceration Upon any conviction & incarceration Upon conviction for a listed offense Upon felony conviction Upon conviction for felony or certain misdoes Restoration of Voting Rights Lost Due to Conviction Not lost On release from custody Completion of incarceration & parole (or earlier Completion of incarceration & supervision Completion of incarceration, supervision, & specified court debt Only by executive clemency   III. Pardoning A final map categorizes states in terms of pardoning frequency: Relative Pardoning Frequency Frequent/Regular (regular process; significant % of apps granted) Sparing/Regular (regular process; small % of apps granted) Infrequent/Uneven (irregular process, depends on governor) Rare (few or no pardons in 20 years) Read more

CCRC’s First Newsletter

Dear Subscribers, We write with an update on our continued work to promote public discussion of restoration of rights and opportunities for people with a record. Highlights from this year’s work are summarized below, including roundups of new legislation, case studies on barriers to expungement, policy recommendations, and a new “fair chance lending” project to reduce criminal history barriers to government-supported loans to small businesses. We thank you for your interest and invite your comments as our work progresses. Fair Chance Lending Starting a small business is increasingly recognized as a pathway to opportunity for individuals with an arrest or conviction history—particularly given the disadvantages they face in the labor market. Yet many structural barriers remain to these individuals, including from a series of little-known federal regulations and policies that impose broad criminal history restrictions on access to government-sponsored business loans, notably by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). To illuminate and help reduce these barriers, our organization recently launched a new “Fair Chance Lending” project. We hope to show that—rather than broadly exclude individuals with a criminal history—officials should draw record-based restrictions as narrowly as feasible, facilitate access to resources, and celebrate entrepreneurial efforts, consistent with growing national support for reintegration and fair chances in civil society. The SBA’s record-related lending policies came into focus in the spring of 2020 when the agency imposed remarkably broad criminal history restrictions on hundreds of billions in financial relief for small businesses and nonprofits authorized through the CARES Act in response to COVID-19. We researched the issues in detail and joined a large bipartisan group of organizations calling on the SBA to revise its restrictions. This project is a continuation of that work, with an expanded look at small business loan programs more generally. Reintegration Reform Returns to Pre-Pandemic Levels in First Half of 2021 CCRC staff in July completed a roundup of record relief legislation in the first half of 2021. Thirty states enacted 101 pieces of legislation to mitigate collateral consequences. The legislation includes work in restoring access to voting rights, record relief, limiting the influence of criminal records in issues of employment and licensure, housing, and many other areas. Much of this new legislation was quite significant. For example, Alabama, Arizona, and Virginia joined the 38 other states that now allow sealing or expungement of at least some misdemeanor and felony convictions. Arizona also became the thirteenth state to authorize its courts to issue judicial certificates of relief. Connecticut enacted an automatic record clearing law and limited ineligibility for voting and jury service to the period of actual incarceration for a felony. New Jersey enacted the most comprehensive fair chance housing legislation to date. Arnold Ventures highlighted our roundup of new state legislation in this article. While much of the action came from state governments, the Biden Administration took some steps to mitigate collateral consequences. However, Congress has continued a decade long trend of little activity in this area. Given the health and economic harms of the pandemic, there is a particular need for state and federal lawmakers to adopt the policies recommended by CCRC to support opportunities for people with a record (see Reintegration Agenda below). Marijuana Expungement and Legalization in Early 2021 CCRC in the Spring partnered with the Drug Enforcement and Policy Center at The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law to document and produce maps and graphics about recent state marijuana legalization and criminal record expungement policies. The report covers four states (New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Virginia) who legalized recreational marijuana in 2021 and included automatic expungement provisions into their legislation. Further, all four states also included legislation to promote social equity, primarily through directing tax revenue and legal marijuana business opportunities into communities most affected by criminal law enforcement. Access Barriers to Felony Expungement by Petition CCRC has started to take a closer look at state-by-state barriers to expungement, partnering with Beth Johnson and the Rights and Restoration Law Group (RRLG) to create a survey of barriers to expungement. The survey covers barriers in four primary areas: resources and knowledge, eligibility, process, and effectiveness.  We expect that detailed case studies across multiple states will expand understanding of these barriers and help drive policy change.  When these case studies reveal the daunting barriers to petition-based felony expungement that, as a practical matter, limit relief to a small percentage of those eligible — barriers that may be difficult and costly to overcome — it may encourage adoption of automated relief systems. 1. The Case of Illinois In February RRLG produced a case study of Illinois, using this survey. While Illinois legal aid resources are well-funded and standardized application forms are used statewide, most courts do not inform defendants about the availability of sealing as required by law. In addition, complete and accurate criminal history records are hard for individuals to obtain because the Illinois courts are decentralized. While eligibility for felony sealing is very broad, and waiting periods are brief and uniform for all eligible offenses.  However, the waiting period begins anew with any new conviction, including even misdemeanor driving offenses.  As to process barriers, the study found that many specific aspects vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and frequently impose unnecessary burdens on petitioners.  Finally, on effectiveness, the study found that while most public and private employers and licensing agencies are prohibited from considering sealed records by the state human rights law, regulated employers that are required to do background checks are broadly exempted and there is no single source of information to identify those exempted employers. In addition, courts that sell their records in bulk to background screeners do not monitor purchasers to ensure that sealed records are removed. There is no private right of action for unlawful disclosure of sealed records. 2. The Case of Utah  CCRC partnered with Noella Sudbury in July to continue our series of case studies. Noella also used the survey tool to analyze Utah’s expungement law and policy in terms of four categories: resource and knowledge, eligibility, process, and effectiveness. As Utah moves to implement automatic expungement for non-conviction and misdemeanor conviction records, the time seems ripe for tackling barriers to the petition-based process for felony expungement in Utah.  Access to legal aid for expungement services is extremely limited, particularly in rural areas, and eligibility criteria are extremely complex and confusing.  Before filing a petition for expungement in court, individuals must first apply for and obtain a certificate of eligibility from Utah’s Department of Public Safety for each offense sought to be expunged, a process that is costly, burdensome, and time-consuming.  Certain state agencies continue to have access to expunged records, and Utah’s courts, like many others, sell their records in bulk to third parties, including background check companies, and there is no private right of action for unlawful disclosure of expunged records. CCRC currently has a team of practitioners studying the expungement process in Tennessee, and we hope to have a report on that state before the end of the year. A Reintegration Agenda for the 117th Congress: Criminal Record Relief, Federal Benefits, and Employment As national and political support grows for more beneficial policies in reintegration, and states continue to implement a diverse array of policies, Congress must follow their lead. Federal records continue to hinder people with previous convictions who do not have access to relief mechanisms present in most states. CCRC recommends in this report that the Biden administration and Congress pursue an ambitious agenda in four primary categories; record relief, access to federal public benefits, employment and licensing, and voting rights. The Reintegration Agenda During the Pandemic; Criminal Record Reforms in 2020 and 2021 CCRC’s annual legislative reports have documented enactments authorizing record relief and mitigating collateral consequences. In 2020, 32 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government enacted 106 legislative bills, approved 5 ballot initiatives, and issued 4 executive orders to restore rights and opportunities to people with a criminal record. While these measures represent a slight reduction in legislation as compared to the last two years, given the challenges of the pandemic, they still demonstrate a growing public commitment towards restoration of rights after arrest or conviction. This report offers a comprehensive overview of each state’s legislative efforts, which in conjunction with report cards also published by CCRC, demonstrates which states are making significant progress and which states are lagging in supporting reintegration for people with a record. An interim report for the first half of 2021 showed a return to pre-pandemic legislating, with 30 states and the District of Columbia enacting an extraordinary 101 new laws to mitigate collateral consequences. Six more bills awaited a governor’s signature.  It appears that legislative momentum in support of facilitating reintegration has returned to the pre-pandemic pace of 2019. Overall, at mid-year 2021 we could report that the 30 months between January 1, 2019, and July 1, 2021, produced an astonishing total of 361 laws aimed at neutralizing the adverse effect of a criminal record, plus more than a dozen additional executive actions and ballot initiatives. Restoration of Rights Project As always, CCRC continuously updates its Restoration of Rights Project project with the most recent law and policy changes for each state around the country. The materials cover loss and restoration of civil and firearms rights; pardon, expungement and other record relief; and consideration of criminal records in employment, licensing, and housing. Our state-by-state guides and 50-state comparisons help individuals, practitioners, policymakers, scholars, and journalists understand the current landscape and advocate for change. The rest of 2021 offers a fantastic opportunity to continue efforts towards reform, and we hope that you will continue to engage with CCRC moving forward. This work has been made possible by the generosity of Arnold Ventures and we thank them for their support. Best wishes, Collateral Consequences Resource Center Margaret Love, Executive Director David Schlussel, Deputy Director Jack Keating, Intern Read more

Reintegration reform returns to pre-pandemic levels in first half of 2021

This year is proving to be a landmark one for legislation restoring rights and opportunities to people with a criminal record, extending the remarkable era of “reintegration reform” that began around 2013. Just in the past six months, 30 states and the District of Columbia have enacted an extraordinary 101 new laws to mitigate collateral consequences. Six more bills await a governor’s signature.  It appears that legislative momentum in support of facilitating reintegration has returned to the pre-pandemic pace of 2019. Overall, the past 30 months have produced an astonishing total of 361 laws aimed at neutralizing the adverse effect of a criminal record, plus more than a dozen additional executive actions and ballot initiatives. Much of this year’s new legislation is quite significant. For example, of the 25 states enacting new record relief laws, three states authorized conviction record clearance for the very first time: Alabama, Arizona, and Virginia joined the 38 other states that now allow sealing or expungement of at least some misdemeanor and felony convictions. Arizona also became the thirteenth state to authorize its courts to issue judicial certificates of relief. Four states (New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Virginia) adopted expansive authorities for the automatic expungement of marijuana offenses as part of legalization. Five states (Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland, Virginia, and Vermont) enacted automatic relief provisions applicable more generally to certain non-conviction and/or conviction records, bringing the total number of states that authorize automatic clearing of at least some conviction records to 12 and of non-conviction records to 18. Additional automatic relief measures await the governor’s signature in Delaware and Illinois. Dozens of other record reforms enacted since January 2021 reduce eligibility barriers and waiting periods for sealing and expungement, streamline procedures, and expand the effect of this relief. Steady progress continued in regulating consideration of criminal records in the workplace. The District of Columbia enacted one of the most ambitious and comprehensive occupational licensing reforms in the country, and ten other states extended existing limits on how licensing boards consider criminal records, including in health care and in the legalized cannabis industry. Illinois became the fifth state to prohibit discrimination based on criminal record as part of its general fair employment law, and a recent trend of limiting use of records in housing, education, and driver’s licenses continued. Most notably, New Jersey adopted the most rigorous state legislation to date limiting criminal history checks in housing decisions—a policy that only three states had previously adopted. The dismantling of felony disenfranchisement laws also proceeded apace, with Connecticut, New York, and Washington joining the 16 other states that allow voting except during a period of actual incarceration for a felony convictions. (Two additional states and the District of Columbia do not disenfranchise at all based on conviction.) Other ameliorative actions included repealing prohibitions on access to public benefits, authorizing reentry services for people leaving custody, and requiring sentencing courts to provide notice to defendants about collateral consequences and the availability of record relief. Meanwhile, in stark contrast to this prolific state lawmaking, Congress has done little to address the challenges of reintegration for more than a decade, beyond reauthorizing funding for reentry programs (2018), limiting background checks in federal employment and contracting (2019), and repealing certain barriers to public benefits (2020). The only record relief available to those with federal convictions remains the largely illusory presidential pardon. Our federal agenda recommends specific measures that Congress could adopt to reduce barriers to opportunity.  In months to come we intend to focus attention on reducing barriers to financial support for small businesses owned or operated by justice-involved individuals. The Biden Administration has taken a few tentative steps to address collateral consequences, notably including an executive order requiring the Attorney General to ensure voting access and education for people in federal custody or supervision, and a further rollback of criminal history restrictions in the Paycheck Protection Program. Recently, the administration included support for reentry programs, housing access, and hiring programs as part of its strategy to combat gun violence. While the momentum for reintegration reform has returned to pre-pandemic levels, the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis—along with the racial inequalities in the “negative credentialing” of criminal records—call for even greater urgency in this work in the remaining months of 2021 and beyond. Below, we describe some of the more significant new laws by category, covering restoration of voting and other civil rights; record relief; limits on use of criminal records in civil contexts; and other softening of harsh collateral consequences. Further details about the new laws are available in the state profiles and summary charts of the Restoration of Rights Project. 1. Restoration of civil and firearms rights Voting In the first half of 2021, three states enacted laws authorizing automatic restoration of the vote to anyone not actually incarcerated for a felony, and a fourth state did so through executive order, while beginning the process of amending its constitution to accomplish this result. New York and Connecticut repealed provisions disenfranchising anyone on parole, while Washington restored the vote to anyone no longer confined for a felony. In March 2021, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam issued an executive order restoring the vote to 69,000 people who had been released from prison but had not yet completed their supervision, culminating a process of automatic expansion of the franchise by gubernatorial executive order that began in 2013. The Virginia legislature approved a proposal to amend the state constitution that, if approved a second time by the next legislature and by a referendum, will disenfranchise only people who are sentenced to a prison term for a felony and will restore their right to vote upon release from prison. Three other states clarified the timing of restoration of voting rights or facilitated their exercise. Louisiana clarified its law to ensure that a return to jail for violating parole will not extend the 5-year period after which a person released on parole may vote. Maryland passed a law to ensure that individuals detained in Baltimore’s jail may vote, and Illinois passed a law to facilitate registration by those exiting prison. At the federal level, President Biden issued an Executive Order titled “Promoting Access to Voting” whose Section 9 (“Ensuring Access to Voter Registration for Eligible Individuals in Federal Custody”) requires the Attorney General to take four important actions to ensure access, for people in federal custody or under federal supervision, to voter registration and educational materials on restoration of voting rights. Jury service Connecticut limited ineligibility for jury service to a period of actual incarceration, and Louisiana replaced its lifetime bar with a five-year period after release from prison or probation. Public office Illinois recognized its governor’s authority to restore eligibility for municipal office to a person with a federal conviction, by granting a certificate of restoration of rights. Firearms Kansas expanded the effect of expungement to restore firearms rights. 2. Record relief (i.e. expungement, sealing, set-aside) Three states for the first time enacted general statutes for the expungement or sealing of certain misdemeanor and felony convictions: Alabama, Arizona, and Virginia. Alabama enacted the so-called REDEEMER Act, authorizing petition-based expungement of non-violent misdemeanors and violations, and pardoned felonies. Arizona authorized its courts to seal most types of conviction records upon petition. Arizona also granted its courts authority to issue a Certificate of Second Chance to individuals whose conviction has been set aside. Virginia approved two laws creating one of the more progressive record relief systems in the country, with a mixture of automatic and petition-based sealing, both for convictions generally and marijuana offenses specifically. Notably, court debt will not be a barrier to record clearance, and the legislation includes a system of court-appointed counsel for petitions. Private companies that buy and sell criminal records will be required to routinely delete sealed records, with a private right of action if companies refuse to do so. However, Virginia’s laws will not go into effect until 2025. In addition to Virginia’s marijuana sealing law, three states enacted automatic expungement or sealing for a wide range of felony and misdemeanor marijuana offenses: New York, New Jersey, and New Mexico (we described these laws in detail, accompanied by an infographic here). Further, Colorado, Connecticut, and Montana expanded petition-based relief for marijuana-related records (with limited automatic relief in Connecticut authorized as well for certain possession convictions). Connecticut also enacted a general “clean slate law” which, effective 2023, requires the automatic “erasure” of records of most misdemeanor convictions and certain felony convictions entered after January 1, 2000, after a specified period following the person’s most recent conviction. In addition, Colorado approved the sealing of multiple convictions and pardoned convictions, directed the automatic sealing of uncharged arrests, and authorized its public defenders to apply for public and private funds to represent indigent individuals in sealing proceedings. Among the dozens of other record reforms enacted so far this year, the following merit mention. Maryland authorized automatic expungement of non-convictions beginning in October 2021 (non-conviction records before then are eligible for expungement by petition and subject to non-disclosure in the Maryland Judiciary Case Search),  a study of partial expungement, and expungement for an additional conviction  (fourth-degree burglary). New Mexico added to its significant 2019 expungement scheme by enacting most of the provisions of the Uniform Collateral Consequences of Conviction Act (UCCCA), giving courts authority to relieve mandatory collateral consequences as early as sentencing (New York, Vermont, and New Jersey are the only other states with such authority). This same law not only offered this relief to those with convictions from other jurisdictions, it also gave effect to relief granted by other jurisdictions (the only state other than Vermont that has done this). Tennessee expanded expungement eligibility to include grade C and D felonies, made the filing fee discretionary with the court clerk, and required the court to give reasons for denying expungement. Tennessee also required judges to notify, if practicable, a defendant at sentencing if the conviction is for an expungable offense and the time period after which a petition may be filed; and required the administrative office of the courts to provide with supporting documentation. South Dakota reduced the waiting period for automatic sealing of minor misdemeanors and petty offenses from ten to five years. Vermont enacted automatic sealing of certain motor vehicle violations traffic violations and called for further study of clean slate automation. Washington rewrote its laws applicable to victims of sex trafficking and related sexual abuses, authorizing vacatur for both B and C felonies and misdemeanors, and providing that a petition may be filed either by the victim or by the prosecutor. Three states also enrolled significant bills that await a governor’s signature. Delaware passed three pieces of Clean Slate legislation, automating sealing for most of the offenses that had been authorized for petition-based mandatory and discretionary sealing in 2019. The bill is to be effective in 2021, but automatic sealing is to begin in August 2024. Oregon passed substantial improvements to eligibility criteria and procedural barriers under its petition-based expungement law, described here, reducing waiting periods and modifying disqualifying priors. The Illinois legislature sent to the governor a bill providing for the automatic expungement of felony prostitution offenses. It bears remarking that many of the automatic relief schemes enacted or enrolled to date in 2021, like those enacted in previous years, will take some time to implement.  While Connecticut’s new law (applicable to cases decided after 1999) will be effective January 1, 2023, Virginia’s automated authority is not expected to come on-line until 2025, and Delaware’s clean slate bill has a three-year development period. Automated authorities enacted in previous years are also still being developed, with California’s 2019 clean slate authority now projected for August 2023, and Michigan’s 2019 law projected “no earlier than” 2023.  While New Jersey has not specified a date when its automatic system will be operational, in the interim it is allowing newly eligible individuals to petition the court for relief. An April 2021 letter from 21 Attorneys General requested that Congress “appropriate necessary funds for technology and process improvements” to support the development of automatic record clearing systems. 3. Limits on use of criminal records in civil contexts Employment Illinois became the fifth state to cover criminal record discrimination in its fair employment law. The law, described here, makes it a civil rights violation, unless otherwise authorized by law, for any employer, employment agency or labor organization to use a conviction record as a basis to refuse to hire or to take any other adverse action unless: 1) there is a substantial relationship between one or more of the previous criminal offenses and the employment sought or held, or 2) the granting or continuation of the employment would involve a public safety risk. Various procedural requirements and enforcement mechanisms apply. Under a 2020 law, employers may not consider records of an arrest not leading to a conviction, a juvenile record, or criminal history record information ordered expunged, sealed, or impounded. In addition, Louisiana prohibited prohibits consideration of non-conviction records in employment decisions and required employers to make an individual assessment of whether an applicant’s criminal record has “a direct and adverse relationship with the specific duties of the job that may justify denying the applicant the position,” considering certain specified factor relating to the criminal case and the applicant’s subsequent history. Maryland enacted a ban-the-box rule applicable to private employers with 15 or more employees, after the legislature overrode Governor Hogan’s veto. New Mexico amended its 1974 law prohibiting certain discrimination in public employment and occupational licensure to bar consideration of convictions that have been sealed, dismissed, expunged or pardoned; juvenile adjudications; or convictions for a crime that “is not recent enough and sufficiently job-related to be predictive of performance in the position sought, given the position’s duties and responsibilities.” Occupational licensing The District of Columbia’s ambitious and comprehensive licensing reform, described here, imposed a detailed regulatory scheme on consideration of criminal record for many occupational licenses, including health-related professions. No one may be denied a license based on conviction of a crime unless it is “directly related” to the occupation. Various procedural protections apply and a pre-application petition process is authorized individuals to determine eligibility based on a criminal conviction, which must be completed within 90 days. In addition, seven states made significant reforms to their occupational licensing schemes: Two laws enacted by Arizona, the fourth and fifth licensing laws in three years, heightened the standard for disqualification based on a criminal record and barred licensing agencies from considering the following: non-convictions; sealed, expunged, and pardoned records; juvenile records; non-violent misdemeanors; and a range of drug offenses. Georgia will require a finding that an offense is “directly related” to a profession before a license may be denied based on supervision status, with exceptions for certain serious offenses. New Jersey revised its 1970’s-era law governing licensure by dozens of state boards, from conviction “of a crime of involving moral turpitude or relating adversely” to the regulated occupation, to “a direct or substantial relationship to the activity regulated by the board or is of a nature such that certification, registration or licensure of the person would be inconsistent with the public’s health, safety, or welfare . . . .” New Mexico also modified its decades-old licensing law to preclude consideration of convictions that have been sealed, dismissed, expunged or pardoned; juvenile adjudications; or convictions for a crime that “is not recent enough and sufficiently job-related to be predictive of performance in the position sought, given the position’s duties and responsibilities.” Ohio’s existing law required licensing agencies to list crimes that mandate disqualification because they are “directly related” to the licensed occupation. As further amended, boards must list convictions that “may” be disqualifying, precluding denial based on any other records. Vague terms like “moral character” and “moral turpitude” may not be used. Even if a conviction is on the list of those “directly related,” the board must still consider certain standards linked to an applicant’s overall record that are linked to public safety and may not deny after a period of either five or 10 years depending on the offense. In the event of denial, a board must provide procedural protections. Tennessee amended its 2018 Fresh Start Act to provide specific criteria governing a licensing board in determining the fitness of a person for licensure based on their criminal record, including the relationship of the crime to the ability performs the duties of the occupation, and evidence of the person’s rehabilitation.  (The Act already included a “direct relationship” standard.)  The 2021 amendments also deleted a rebuttable presumption that certain felony convictions relate to the fitness of the applicant or licensee. Washington provided that each licensing agency must allow potential applicants for a license to receive a “preliminary determination” as to whether their criminal record will be disqualifying. No fee may be charged, a determination must be made within two months, and a denial must be accompanied by a statement of reasons. Another law gave new protections to employees of long-term care facilities, setting forth time limits beyond which certain theft and assault convictions will not be disqualifying. A third law expanded access to licenses in the legalized cannabis industry for individuals convicted of non-violent cannabis felonies and misdemeanors. Housing New Jersey’s Fair Chance in Housing Act is most rigorous state legislation to date limiting consideration of criminal records in housing decisions. The law, described here, prohibits consideration of any criminal record at the initial rental application stage, allows only certain records to be considered after a conditional offer is made, and imposes substantive and procedural standards for withdrawal of a conditional offer. In addition, Illinois required local housing authorities to collect data on number of applications for federally assisted housing by people with a criminal record, how many applications denied, and how many overturned after a records assessment hearing. Louisiana required  landlords to give notice to prospective tenants if they will consider criminal record information. Education Two states prohibited the use of criminal records in admissions decisions for higher education, with certain exceptions: Oregon (most private and public institutions) and Virginia (most public institutions; admission may be withdrawn if the institution determines the record poses a threat to the community). Washington created “prison to postsecondary education pathways.” 4. Other Driver’s licenses Seven states adopted laws aimed at limiting grounds for suspension of a driver’s licenses on the basis of unpaid court debt and/or offenses unrelated to dangerous driving: Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Utah, and Washington. Mississippi adopted a law to provide reentering citizens with a six-month provisional driver’s license to support reintegration. Public benefits Washington enacted a law to facilitate successful jail reentry by not suspending Medicaid for individuals incarcerated for less than 30 days. Nevada and Kentucky opted out of the federal ban on access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program for those convicted of a drug-related felony. Illinois enrolled a bill that would opt the state out of this ban with respect the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. Reentry services Kentucky enacted a bill providing that when a person is released from prison, they shall be issued documentation of their criminal and institutional history, they may be issued a driver’s license or personal identification card, and they shall be issued a certificate of employability if they have satisfied certain criteria. Oklahoma provided that persons being released from prison shall be issued an identification card or driver’s license. Washington revamped and expanded its reentry services program. As part of a federal strategy to address gun violence, the Biden Administration announced steps to support reentry, including grants to help formerly incarcerated individuals find employment, leveraging tax credits to incentivize hiring, expanded federal hiring, the issuance of regulations to implement the 2019 federal “ban the box” legislation, hiring a Second Chance Act fellow, and taking actions through HUD to expand access to housing. Other collateral consequences reforms As discussed above, New Mexico enacted most of the provisions of the Uniform Collateral Consequences of Conviction Act (UCCCA), including giving courts authority to relieve mandatory collateral consequences as early as sentencing. Louisiana requested that the Louisiana State Law Institute study collateral consequences affecting employment and licensure and noted, among other things, the need for short-term relief prior to expungement eligibility—such as a judicial certificate of relief or other mechanism to mitigate structural barriers. Louisiana required the court to notify defendants prior to entry of a felony guilty plea that they may be subject to collateral consequences including potential deportation, loss of voting rights, and loss of firearms rights; it also authorized the court or defense counsel to notify defendants of additional collateral consequences regarding higher education, housing, employment, licensing, and other categories. Montana provided for automatic removal from the “violent offender registry” after 10 years, unless convicted during that period of failure to register or of a felony. Read more

New fair chance employment and housing laws in 2021

In the first half of 2021, two states enacted major laws significantly expanding protections against discrimination based on criminal record: Illinois in the area of employment and New Jersey in housing decisions. Several other states also enacted new laws regulating consideration of criminal records in employment and housing, which are summarized below. Fair chance employment On March 23, 2021, Illinois Governor Pritzker signed into law HR1480, a major expansion of the Illinois Human Rights Act to add a new section prohibiting discrimination in employment based on criminal record. Unless otherwise authorized by law, it is a civil rights violation for any employer, employment agency or labor organization to use a conviction record as a basis to refuse to hire or to take any other adverse action unless: 1) there is a substantial relationship between one or more of the previous criminal offenses and the employment sought or held, or 2) the granting or continuation of the employment would involve a public safety risk. “Substantial relationship” means that the position offers the opportunity for the same or a similar offense to occur and “whether the circumstances leading to the conduct for which the person was convicted will recur in the employment position.” In making a determination the employer must consider various factors, including the time since conviction and evidence of rehabilitation. If the employer makes a “preliminary decision” to take adverse action, the employer shall notify the employee in writing, and explain the person’s right to respond. The employer must consider information submitted by the employee before making a final decision, and if the final decision is based “solely or in part” on the person’s conviction record, the employer must notify the person of their reasoning, inform them of whatever avenues of appeal may exist, and of their right to file a charge with the Department of Human Rights. Louisiana’s HB707 prohibits consideration of non-conviction records in employment decisions and requires employers to make an individual assessment of whether an applicant’s criminal record has “a direct and adverse relationship with the specific duties of the job that may justify denying the applicant the position,” considering certain specified factor relating to the criminal case and the applicant’s subsequent history. This law applies to any public or private employer. Maryland enacted a ban-the-box rule applicable to private employers, after the legislature overrode Governor Hogan’s veto. Companies with 15 or more employees may not ask an applicant about their criminal history or conduct a background check at any time before the first in-person interview. New Mexico enacted SB2, amending its 1974 law prohibiting certain discrimination in public employment and occupational licensure. (This law was written up in our earlier post on occupational licensure.) The new law bars consideration of convictions that have been sealed, dismissed, expunged or pardoned; juvenile adjudications; or convictions for a crime that “is not recent enough and sufficiently job-related to be predictive of performance in the position sought, given the position’s duties and responsibilities.” Fair chance housing On June 18, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed into law the Fair Chance in Housing Act, the most rigorous state legislation to date limiting consideration of criminal records in housing decisions. During a ceremony to commemorate Juneteenth, he described the new law as a step to “level what has been for too long an uneven playing field when it comes to access to housing,” explaining that it will bar landlords from asking about criminal history in most instances. The law prohibits consideration of any criminal record at the initial rental application stage, allows only certain records to be considered after a conditional offer is made, and imposes substantive and procedural standards for withdrawal of a conditional offer. Violations may be sanctioned with up to $10,000 in fines and other compliance measures, civil immunity is provided for landlords from claims based on decisions to rent to individuals with a record, and reporting requirements are included. The specific provisions of the new law were described in detail in a June 22 post by David Schlussel. Illinois’ SB1980 requires local housing authorities in Illinois to collect data on the number of applications for federally assisted housing by people with a criminal record, how many applications denied, and how many overturned after a records assessment hearing. The data must be reported to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information authority and to the legislature, and posted on the CJIA website. Per a 2020 law, the Illinois Human Rights Act also prohibits inquiries about, or discrimination in public and private employment and “real estate transactions” based on “arrest record,” defined as “an arrest not leading to a conviction, a juvenile record, or criminal history record information ordered expunged, sealed, or impounded.” Louisiana’s HB374 requires landlords in Louisiana to give notice to prospective tenants if they will consider criminal record information. More details on these laws are available in the Restoration of Rights Project. Read more

New Jersey puts “fair chance housing” on the national agenda

People with a record frequently experience challenges in obtaining or maintaining housing. For those who have been incarcerated, on supervision, charged, and/or arrested, the background check for rental applications can be a persistent obstacle. Lack of stable housing is a major roadblock to successful reintegration into the community or the pursuit of social and economic opportunities. It is therefore encouraging that states have begun to enact laws limiting record-based disqualifications in housing decisions. On June 18, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed into law the Fair Chance in Housing Act, the most rigorous state legislation to date limiting consideration of criminal records in housing decisions. During a ceremony to commemorate Juneteenth, he described the new law as a step to “level what has been for too long an uneven playing field when it comes to access to housing,” explaining that it will bar landlords from asking about criminal history in most instances. The NAACP New Jersey State Conference, Latino Action Network, Fair Share Housing Center, and New Jersey Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism led organizational advocacy for the measure. Senator Troy Singleton, one of the bill’s primary sponsors, cited the “staggering amount of data on the national level that shows securing housing is one of the key barriers to reducing recidivism,” according to the New York Times. “This measure will allow those who have paid their debt to society to move forward with their lives in a productive manner.” Another sponsor, Assemblyman Benjie Wimberly, noted that “We’re fighting generational poverty, homelessness, and hopelessness through social justice reform measures such as this one.” With New Jersey’s legislation—following on the heels of laws enacted in 2019 in Colorado, Illinois, and New York, legislation in D.C. in 2017, and a slew of local ordinances since 2016— “fair chance housing” has arrived on the national reintegration agenda. While many states have adopted reforms that limit the use of criminal records in employment and occupational licensing, until these recent developments housing does not appear to have been a priority for lawmakers, at least at the state level. In the last five years, a policy movement has emerged in favor of “fair chance housing” policies, which regulate and limit the consideration of criminal records by housing providers. Toolkits have been published by the National Housing Law Project and Root & Rebound, and advocacy campaigns have been led by groups such as Just Cities, Fair Chance Housing Coalition, and many others. In some cases, these policies broadly prohibit the use of criminal history, with limited exceptions for certain serious convictions or recent convictions or pending cases. In others, policies also delay criminal history checks until after a conditional lease is provided, importing the “ban-the-box” approach pioneered in connection with fair employment laws, often with standards for when a conditional lease may be withdrawn based on criminal history, and enforcement mechanisms. Federal regulatory guidance issued in 2016 by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has also played a part. This post summarizes the new housing reforms at the local level, in D.C. and three states, describes in detail the groundbreaking New Jersey legislation, and summarizes relevant federal law. Local Ordinances Since 2016, fair chance housing ordinances have been adopted in several major U.S. cities, with expansive provisions adopted in Oakland, Berkeley, Seattle, and Portland, and more modest provisions in cities such as Richmond (CA), Urbana, Madison (WI), San Francisco, and Newark (NJ), according to the Fair Chance Housing Coalition. For example, Seattle prohibits requiring disclosure of, inquiring into, or taking adverse action based on the criminal history of a prospective tenant or occupant, except if needed to comply with federal or state law, and requires adverse action based on information from the adult sex offender registry have a “legitimate business reason”—with exceptions for certain types of dwellings. Similarly, Oakland prohibits rental housing providers from inquiring about or taking adverse action based on criminal history, except to comply with federal or state law, or to review the lifetime registry to protect a person at risk, again with exceptions for certain types of dwellings. District of Columbia In 2017, D.C. enacted the Fair Criminal Record Screening for Housing Act, which requires housing providers reviewing tenant applications to make a conditional offer before making a criminal history inquiry.  Once inquiry is made, the law prohibits housing providers from considering arrests that did not result in conviction, or from considering convictions or pending accusations other than for 48 listed offenses. Moreover, the conditional offer may be withdrawn only by providing specific reasons in writing for why doing so “achieves a substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory interest.” Other procedural protections apply, and violations may lead to fines via complaints to the Office of Human Rights (OHR). In turn, the OHR must report to the D.C. Council on an annual basis about complaints and investigations and must also provide a public education curriculum. Certain housing is excepted. More details are available in the D.C. profile of our Restoration of Rights Project. State laws In 2019, three states joined the action, adopting laws limiting criminal history inquiries in connection with housing: Colorado enacted the Rental Application Fairness Act, which provides that a landlord considering a rental application may not consider any arrest records or records of convictions that occurred more than five years before the application. However, a landlord may consider any conviction or deferred judgment for specified methamphetamine and amphetamine offenses, offenses requiring sex offender registration, homicides and related offenses, and stalking offenses. Civil actions may be brought to remedy violations for treble the amount of the application fee, plus court costs and attorney fees. See the Colorado profile for more details. Illinois extended its Human Rights Act to cover “real estate transactions,” prohibiting inquiries about or discrimination based on arrests not leading to a conviction, juvenile records, or records ordered expunged, sealed, or impounded. See the Illinois profile for more details. New York prohibited, in connection with providing housing, asking about or acting adversely based on records from an arrest or case terminated in favor of the individual, certain marijuana offenses, cases terminated as a youthful offender adjudication, and cases that resulted in a sealed conviction, including those sealed under the 2009 Drug Law Reform Act. See the New York profile for more details. New Jersey New Jersey’s Fair Chance in Housing Act is the most extensive state-level regulation of housing to date, applying to all rental housing providers except owner-occupied premises of four units or less. The law prohibits consideration of any criminal record at the initial rental application stage, allows only certain records to be considered after a conditional offer is made, and imposes substantive and procedural standards for withdrawal of a conditional offer. Violations may be sanctioned with up to $10,000 in fines and other compliance measures, civil immunity is provided for landlords from claims based on decisions to rent to individuals with a record, and reporting requirements are included. The following paragraphs summarize the provisions of the bill. Initial rental application: Under the bill, prior to accepting an application fee, a housing provider must disclose in writing whether they review and consider criminal history and state that an applicant may provide evidence demonstrating inaccuracies with the criminal record, evidence of rehabilitation, and other mitigating factors. Housing providers may not inquire into or ask about a rental applicant’s criminal history prior to making a conditional offer, except they may consider whether an applicant has ever been convicted of manufacturing or producing methamphetamine on the premises of federally assisted housing or is subject to a lifetime sex offender registration requirement (both grounds for exclusion from public housing under federal law). Records that may be considered: Even after making a conditional rental offer, housing providers may not consider arrests or charges that have not resulted in conviction, expunged convictions, convictions erased through executive pardon, convictions that have been vacated and otherwise legally nullified, juvenile adjudications, and sealed records. Housing providers also may not require an applicant to submit to a drug or alcohol test, or request consent to obtain information from a drug treatment facility. After a conditional offer, the following records may be considered: convictions for certain listed violent and sex offenses; a pending indictable offense (felony); a conviction for a fourth degree indictable offense if the prison sentence concluded within the previous year; a conviction for a second or third degree indictable offense if the prison sentence concluded within the previous four years; a conviction for a first degree indictable offense if the prison sentence concluded within the previous six years. Withdrawal of conditional offer: A housing provider may withdraw a conditional offer based on criminal history only if they determine “by preponderance of the evidence, that the withdrawal is necessary to fulfill a substantial, legitimate, and nondiscriminatory interest.” The reasons must be provided “with specificity” in writing, with an opportunity to appeal by providing evidence of inaccuracies within the record, rehabilitation, or other mitigation. The housing provider must perform an individualized assessment in light of six factors relating to the offense, the applicant, and rental safety. The applicant may request, within 30 days of notice of a withdrawal, a copy of all information relied on in considering the applicant, which must be provided within 10 days of a request, free of charge. As previously noted, the applicant must be given an opportunity to present evidence of inaccuracies in the record relied upon, and of mitigating factors. Model forms: The Division of Civil Rights is directed to prepare for housing providers model forms for initial disclosures and notice of withdrawal of a conditional offer, in English, Spanish, and any other language deemed appropriate. Advertising: Housing providers may not publish an advertisement that it will not consider an applicant who has been arrested or convicted, except for an applicant convicted of manufacture or production of methamphetamine on the premises of federally assisted housing or is subject to a lifetime sex offender registration requirement. Civil immunity: To encourage landlords to provide housing to formerly incarcerated individuals, landlords subject to the law are immune from civil liability arising for a decision to rent to individuals with a record, except for a person with convictions for specified violent and sex offenses. Enforcement: An applicant or prospective applicant may file a complaint with the Division of Civil Rights of the Department of Law and Public Safety, which shall make an effort to notify the housing provider and provide 14 days to mediate and address the issue. The division itself may also file complaints, without the requirement of mediation, including for retaliations against a complainant. After an investigation, if the complaint is substantiated, the division “shall” issue monetary penalties of $1,000 to $10,000, depending on whether there are previous violations (up to $1,000 may be assigned to the complainant), and the division may issue other non-monetary remedies, including in some circumstances requiring the provision of the rental unit to the complainant. Final decisions on an investigation may be appealed by the housing provider or complainant. Reporting: The law also requires the Division of Civil Rights to collect data on complaints and investigations and to report annually on its website information about substantiated complaints that have resulted in monetary penalties. Federal law In addition, federal regulatory guidance issued by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 2016 limits the use of criminal records by housing providers and realtors pursuant to the federal Fair Housing Act. The HUD guidance provides that: where a policy or practice that restricts access to housing on the basis of criminal history has a disparate impact on individuals of a particular race, national origin, or other protected class, such policy or practice is unlawful under the Fair Housing Act if it is not necessary to serve a substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory interest of the housing provider. The guidance indicates that because “[n]ationally, racial and ethnic minorities face disproportionately high rates of arrest and incarceration,” use of criminal history is likely to trigger the “non-discriminatory interest” requirement. The guidance further suggests that arrest records should not used as a basis for exclusion, that the nature, severity, and recency of a conviction must be considered, and that “ensuring resident safety and protecting property” are the only interests that can justify criminal history exclusions. Finally, federal law imposes mandatory and discretionary bars on residency in public and federally-assisted housing. Mandatory exclusions apply to people who are subject to a lifetime sex offender registration requirement or have been convicted of producing methamphetamine on the premises of federally-assisted housing. A variety of discretionary grounds are provided for denial of public and federally-assisted housing based on criminal records or engagement in criminal activity, including for drug activity or activity that would adversely affect other tenants.  Such adverse actions may also result in eviction of other members of a person’s household. For more information on federal exclusions, see National Housing Law Project, An Affordable Home on Re-entry: Federally Assisted Housing and Previously Incarcerated Individuals (2018). (The introduction to this document is an instructive reminder of how HUD guidance has evolved where criminal records are concerned, from the focus on avoiding violent crimes in the 1970s, to the draconian “one strike and you’re out” rules applied in the 1990s, to today’s comparatively more nuanced policies.) *** Note: With four states having enacted laws limiting consideration of criminal records in housing, we are expanding our 50-state Restoration of Rights Project to cover housing in addition to employment and licensing (along with restoration of civil rights and record relief). Read more