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# Collateral Consequences Resource Center

Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction and Restoration of Rights: News, Commentary, and Tools

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## Posts

- [CCRC seeking a Deputy Director](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/06/13/ccrc-seeking-a-deputy-director/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is seeking an enterprising and committed individual with strong technical skills to serve as its Deputy Director. The incumbent will work with the Executive Director in all aspects of CCRC’s program, and will have primary responsibility for maintaining the Restoration of Rights Project (RRP), including its various derivative reports for which CCRC is
- [Update on federal firearms restoration program](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/11/04/update-on-federal-firearms-restoration-program/) - By CCRC Staff | Last spring, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced its intention to revive a long-dormant program to remove federal restrictions on firearm possession, including for those with a criminal record. In July DOJ published for comment a proposed rule that would, when finalized, accomplish this for people who are determined to pose no public safety risk.
- [Judicial Diversion and Deferred Adjudication: A National Survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/03/01/judicial-diversion-and-deferred-adjudication-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (3/3/22): the full national report, “The Many Roads from Reentry to Reintegration,” is now available. Last week we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying various legal mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, a revision and updating of our 2020 report “The Many Roads to Reintegration." The first
- [Study: Texas diversion provides dramatic benefits for people facing their first felony](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/04/03/study-texas-diversion-provides-dramatic-benefits-for-people-facing-their-first-felony-2/) - By CCRC Staff | NOTE: In light of renewed interest in state legislatures in judicially-administered diversion and deferred adjudication programs, we are re-publishing our 2021 report on a remarkable study of deferred adjudication in Texas by researchers Michael Mueller-Smith and Kevin Schnepel. We noted at the time that "The deferred adjudication program in Texas represents the largest diversion program
- [New report: Most states restrict firearm rights too broadly and make restoration difficult](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/06/06/new-report-most-states-restrict-firearm-rights-too-broadly-and-make-restoration-difficult-2/) - By CCRC Staff | Most states restrict firearm rights too broadly and make restoration difficult, in potential violation of the Second Amendment, according to new report FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE June 5, 2025 Media Contact: Margaret Love Margaretlove@pardonlaw.com Loss of firearm rights after a felony conviction extends well beyond what is necessary to advance public safety
- [Illinois poised to enact Nation’s broadest automatic sealing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/11/06/illinois-poised-to-enact-nations-broadest-automatic-sealing-law/) - By Beth Johnson | On October 30, 2025, the Illinois General Assembly approved HB 1836, making Illinois the 13th “Clean Slate” state. Illinois will also have the broadest automated record-sealing program of them all. The Governor’s signature will launch the implementation toward an automated record-sealing process to bridge the “second chance gap” for an estimated 2.2 million people with
- [New Jersey puts "fair chance housing" on the national agenda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/22/new-jersey-puts-fair-chance-housing-on-the-national-agenda/) - By David Schlussel | People with a record frequently experience challenges in obtaining or maintaining housing. For those who have been incarcerated, on supervision, charged, and/or arrested, the background check for rental applications can be a persistent obstacle. Lack of stable housing is a major roadblock to successful reintegration into the community or the pursuit of social and economic
- [New information about revived federal firearm restoration process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/06/18/doj-explains-how-firearm-restoration-process-will/) - By CCRC Staff | On March 20 of this year, the Justice Department announced its intention to revive the long-dormant administrative process for restoring federal firearm rights lost because of a criminal conviction. It did not explain how it intended to do this. We have now learned more about how the revived federal firearm restoration process will work. The
- [The Clean Slate Initiative works to advance automated record clearance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/03/the-clean-slate-initiative-a-national-bipartisan-coalition/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish a description of the Clean Slate Initiative we invited from its newly installed Managing Director. The Clean Slate Initiative: Working to Ensure A Criminal Record is Not a Life Sentence to Poverty By Sheena Meade* As our nation responds to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is an imperative that lawmakers enact
- [Federal Certificate Offers New Hope for Americans in ‘Internal Exile’](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/10/28/federal-certificate-offers-new-hope-for-americans-in-internal-exile/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | The title of this post is the title of our op-ed in The Crime Report in support of a bipartisan Senate bill that would authorize judges to issue a “Certificate of Rehabilitation” to qualified individuals with federal convictions. The bill in question was included in the Business Roundtable's "Second Chance Agenda," which was the subject
- [Virginia enacts significant record reforms in 2025](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/06/30/virginia-enacts-significant-record-reforms-in-2025/) - By CCRC Staff | Note: We are very pleased to publish a summary of the several significant record reforms enacted by Virginia in 2025, prepared by Rob Poggenklass. Rob is executive director of Justice Forward Virginia, a public defender-led criminal justice policy advocacy organization. He was deputy director of CCRC in 2022. The Commonwealth of Virginia has continued to
- [New report: Most states restrict firearm rights too broadly and make restoration difficult](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/06/05/new-report-most-states-restrict-firearm-rights-too-broadly-and-make-restoration-difficult/) - By CCRC Staff | Most states restrict firearm rights too broadly and make restoration difficult, in potential violation of the Second Amendment, according to new report FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE June 5, 2025 Media Contact: Margaret Love Margaretlove@pardonlaw.com Loss of firearm rights after a felony conviction extends well beyond what is necessary to advance public safety
- [Justice moves toward relieving record-based gun restrictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2025/03/26/justice-moves-toward-relieving-record-based-gun-restrictions/) - By CCRC Staff | On March 20th the U.S. Department of Justice published a rule it described as "a first step" toward reviving a long-dormant program for relieving federal firearms restrictions based on criminal record. This rule could lead to a dramatic increase in opportunities to regain firearms rights by people convicted of felonies and misdemeanor domestic violence under
- ["Positive Credentials That Limit Risk: A Report on Certificates of Relief"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/06/27/positive-credentials-that-limit-risk-a-report-on-certificates-of-relief-2/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to present a new report dealing with "certificates of relief," a form of relief from the collateral consequences of conviction that is less far-reaching than record clearing but potentially available to more people at an earlier point in time. These certificates, offered by a court or correctional agency, do not limit public
- [North Carolina offers detailed on-line guide to relief from a criminal conviction](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/27/north-carolina-offers-detailed-on-line-guide-to-relief-from-a-criminal-conviction/) - By Margaret | We've just learned that the School of Government at the University of North Carolina has produced a detailed and well-organized online guide to obtaining relief from a North Carolina criminal conviction. You can view the guide here. The guide explains in one place the various mechanisms available in North Carolina for obtaining relief from collateral consequences,
- [Washington Lawyers Committee releases report on collateral consequences in D.C., Maryland and Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/23/washington-lawyers-committee-for-civil-rights-and-urban-affairs-releases-report-and-recommendations-on-collateral-consequences-in-d-c-maryland-and-virginia/) - By Margaret | On October 22 the Washington Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs released a report focusing on the problem of collateral consequences in the DC tri-jurisdiction region. The report, a follow-up to an earlier WLC report on racial disparity in arrests in the District of Columbia, documents the disproportionate impact of collateral consequences on
- ["The Evolution of a Prison Reformer"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/19/the-evolution-of-a-prison-reformer/) - By Margaret | On November 10, The Crime Report posted a profile of CCRC Board member Glenn Martin and the organization he founded, Just Leadership USA. Just Leadership is dedicated to cutting the US prison population in half by 2030 and to training formerly incarcerated individuals to become leaders in promoting criminal justice reform. Martin himself spent six years in the
- [Despite pardoning hundreds, out-going Illinois governor may leave significant clemency backlog](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/28/illinois-governor-elect-rauner-faces-significant-clemency-petition-backlog-spite-successor-quinns-progress/) - By Margaret | When disgraced Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich was removed from office in 2009, he left behind more than the ugly controversy that would eventually lead to a 14-year federal prison sentence: he also left behind a 7-year backlog of over 2,500 clemency recommendations from the state's Prisoner Review Board ("PRB"). Blago's successor Pat Quinn declared in April 2009
- ['Tis the season for . . . . some presidential forgiveness](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/09/tis-season-gamblers-chance-forgiveness/) - By Margaret | It's that time of year again. Odds are that sometime in the next two weeks President Obama will issue some pardons and commute some prison sentences. I have never quite reconciled myself to the unfortunate and ahistorical association of pardoning with the silly turkey ceremony (the Obama girls were right to roll their eyes) and
- [Guess who's driving for Uber](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/11/guess-whos-driving-uber/) - By Margaret | The background checking policies of Uber and other ride-sharing companies like Lyft and Sidecar are again in the news, after an Uber driver with an extensive criminal record allegedly raped a female passenger in New Delhi. Other horror stories of cab rides from hell with these popular "taxi aggregators" are surfacing. The New York Times
- ["Arrests as Regulation"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/27/arrests-regulation/) - By CCRC Staff | Eisha Jain, a fellow at Georgetown Law Center, has posted on SSRN an important and (to us) alarming article about the extent to which mere arrests are beginning to play the same kind of screening role outside the criminal justice system as convictions. In "Arrests as Regulation," to be published in the Stanford Law Review in
- [Clean slate remedies help overcome collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/30/clean-slate-remedies-help-overcome-collateral-consequences/) - By Eliza Hersh | Eliza Hersh, director of the Clean Slate Clinic at the East Bay Community Law Center and one of CCRC's contributing authors, has co-authored a most persuasive op ed in the LA Times, which we are pleased to reprint here in full. Should a shoplifting conviction be an indelible scarlet letter? Not in California What
- [Jerry Brown takes back a pardon . . . really?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/31/jerry-brown-takes-back-pardon-really/) - By Margaret | Jerry Brown reportedly regretted one of his 105 Christmas Eve pardons, after learning from an LA Times article that the recipient had recently been disciplined by federal financial regulators. He therefore announced that he was rescinding his grant, claiming that the pardon was not yet final because the Secretary of State had not signed the
- [Minnesota's sweeping new expungement law takes effect](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/01/minnesotas-sweeping-new-expungement-law-takes-effect/) - By Emily Baxter | Beginning January 1st, 2015, many Minnesotans will have a meaningful shot at a second chance through criminal records expungement. For decades, many individuals have relied upon (and often languished under) a court’s inherent authority to expunge (or seal) criminal records, but recent Minnesota Supreme Court decisions effectively eviscerated that remedy. Without a legislative act expressly
- [Appeals court finds federal firearms law constitutionally flawed](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/04/appeals-court-finds-federal-firearms-law-constitutionally-flawed/) - By CCRC Staff | In a major victory for Second Amendment advocates, the Sixth Circuit court of appeals has sustained an as-applied constitutional challenge to the federal firearms dispossession law, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). While the particular provision of that law at issue in Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriffs Department is § 922(g)(4), the subsection prohibiting firearms possession by anyone "who has been
- [The need to eliminate barriers to diversifying police departments](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/06/need-eliminate-barriers-diversifying-police-departments/) - By Michael Pinard | The shootings and beatings of unarmed black men, boys, women and girls by police officers are sickeningly repetitive. Also repetitive are the calls in response to diversify police departments by hiring officers who better reflect the communities and neighborhoods they would patrol. These issues have surfaced starkly in Ferguson, Missouri, where three out of 53 officers are black. There,
- [States "rethinking" collateral consequences?   Vera Institute jumps the gun](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/07/states-rethinking-collateral-consequences-not-fast-vera-institute/) - By Margaret | The Vera Institute has published a new report that claims states are "rethinking" collateral consequences through enactment of laws intended to mitigate their impact. The report (Relief in Sight? States Rethink the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction, 2009-2014) includes an excellent introduction to the issues, helpfully categorizes different types of relief measures, and makes a number of useful
- [European employment discrimination based on criminal record II - discretionary bars](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/13/european-discretionary-employment-discrimination-based-criminal-record/) - By James B. Jacobs | To the American eye, Europe seems unconcerned about criminal record-based employment discrimination (CBED). (The U.K. is an exception.) Is this because European employers do not discriminate against job applicants or employees with criminal convictions? If so, is that because European countries prohibit CBED, prevent employers from obtaining individual criminal history information, and/or provide potent remedies to people with
- [European employment discrimination based on criminal record I - mandatory bars](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/12/employment-discrimination-based-criminal-record-europe/) - By James B. Jacobs | There is no body of research on European criminal record-based employment discrimination (CBED) comparable to the employer surveys and field studies done in the United States. While European concern for informational privacy keeps criminal records out of the public domain, European countries do not prohibit employment discrimination based on criminal record. In fact, as in
- [Louisiana's new expungement law: How does it stack up?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/16/louisianas-new-expungement-law-stack/) - By Margaret | Louisiana has far and away the largest prison population of any state in the country (847 per 100,000 people -- Mississippi is second with 692 per), but until last year there was little that those returning home after serving felony sentences could do to unshackle themselves from their criminal records and the collateral consequences that
- [Is pardon making a comeback?  Probably not, but law reform may be](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/21/pardon-making-comeback-probably-not-law-reform-may/) - By Margaret | A recent issue of Governing Magazine reports that pardoning is "making a comeback" after decades of neglect. It would be nice if it were true. But the evidence of comeback is thin. Almost all of the jurisdictions where pardoning is thriving today are the same ones where it was thriving a decade ago. In a dozen states,
- [Bedside pardon shows "soft on crime" label losing power](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/22/becoming-politically-acceptable-soft-crime/) - By CCRC Staff | We were struck by this recent headline: "Gov. McAuliffe makes pardon from hospital, where he will remain overnight." The Virginia governor was recuperating from a procedure to drain his lungs made necessary by a holiday fall from a horse, when he called reporters to his hospital room to witness a grant of "conditional pardon" (Virginia's term for
- [Ohio certificates remove mandatory bars to jobs and licenses](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/29/ohio-certificates-remove-mandatory-bars-jobs-licenses/) - By Joann Sahl | February 2, 2013 was an historic day in Ohio. The Ohio legislature added a new judicial restoration mechanism: the Certificate of Qualification for Employment (CQE). The CQE, contained in Ohio Rev. Code §2953.25, provides new hope to the 1 in 6 Ohioans who have a criminal conviction and as a result are ineligible for certain
- [Publishers not liable for internet posting of "erased" arrest records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/30/publishers-not-liable-internet-posting-erased-arrest-records/) - By CCRC Staff | When Lorraine Martin and her two sons were arrested in 2010 at their home in Greenwich, Connecticut on drug charges, it was widely reported in the local media. A year later, when the state decided to drop the charges against her, the record was automatically "erased" and Martin was "deemed to have never been arrested"
- [New York certificate scheme found inaccessible and ineffective](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/23/new-york-certificate-scheme-found-inaccessible-and-ineffective/) - By CCRC Staff | The certificate system for restoring rights after conviction in New York no longer serves its intended purposes, according to an investigation by City Limits. The problem is that Certificates of Relief from Disabilities (CRD) are supposed to be a means to rehabilitation for people sentenced to probation, but the judges authorized to issue them see them
- [Putting teeth in Heller's promise for people with a conviction: Second Amendment litigation round-up](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/26/second-amendment-litigation-round-up-putting-teeth-in-hellers-promise-for-people-with-a-conviction/) - By Alan Gura | Alan Gura describes in this post recent efforts to persuade federal courts that people who have lost their firearms rights by virtue of a criminal conviction may be entitled to claim the protections of the Second Amendment. Alan himself has spearheaded this litigation for the Second Amendment Foundation, following up his Supreme Court victories in
- [NH Supreme Court takes aim at federal felon-in-possession statute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/13/nh-supreme-court-takes-aim-at-federal-felon-in-possession-statute/) - By CCRC Staff | In an important decision for firearms-related collateral consequences, the New Hampshire Supreme Court relied on the Second Amendment to carve out an exception to the so-called federal felon-in-possession statute, declining to follow relevant federal court precedents. At stake is whether state or federal courts have the last word on the scope of the exceptions in
- [GAO reports on use of FBI records checks for employment purposes](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/24/gao-reports-on-use-of-fbi-records-checks-for-employment-purposes/) - By CCRC Staff | The Government Accountability Office has made public a long-awaited report to Congress on the use of FBI records by state agencies and private companies for employment-related background checks. The report addresses three questions: 1. To what extent do states conduct FBI criminal history record checks for selected employment sectors and what challenges, if any, do they face in conducting
- [Taking a bite out of Apple's restrictive hiring policies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/23/taking-a-bite-out-of-apples-restrictive-hiring-policies/) - By Margaret | Apple, maker of the iPhone and iPad, came under fire earlier this month when the San Francisco Chronicle revealed that the company was prohibiting those convicted of a felony in the last 7 years from working on the construction of an enormous new corporate campus in Cupertino, California. Under pressure from the iron workers union and advocates for fair
- [The real experts in criminal justice reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/27/the-real-experts-in-criminal-justice-reform/) - By Glenn Martin | The following piece by CCRC board member Glenn Martin first appeared on May 18 in the blog of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency For me, exiting a New York state prison in 2000 after serving six years was a rebirth. As a lifelong New Yorker, born and raised in Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood, my
- [New Maryland law allows "shielding" of some misdemeanor convictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/28/new-maryland-law-allows-shielding-of-some-misdemeanors-convictions/) - By Margaret | Earlier this month, Maryland governor Larry Hogan signed the Second Chance Act of 2015, 2015 Md. Laws 313 (HB 244), which allows eligible persons to petition a court for “shielding” (or sealing) certain misdemeanor records. This is the first time Maryland has authorized limits on public access to conviction records other than nuisance offenses and
- [Glenn Martin's "prison-like" White House experience](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/02/glenn-martins-prison-like-white-house-experience/) - By CCRC Staff | The Crime Report published this report about Glenn Martin's recent experience as an invited guest at the White House, described in Glenn's open letter to the President, giving further details of the treatment he received and describing the Administration's response. Glenn Martin's "prison-like" White House experience July 2, 2015 09:01:56 am By Graham Kates Two
- [Life sentence is "slow death penalty"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/22/life-sentence-is-slow-death-penalt/) - By CCRC Staff | The Guardian has published a detailed account of a case in the queue awaiting consideration by the President for commutation of sentence. Ray Bennett was convicted in 1991 of acting as a courier for a crack cocaine distributor, and sentenced to life in prison based on two prior state misdemeanors. "The judge who sentenced Bennett did his
- [Access to Individual Criminal History Information in India](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/08/10/access-to-individual-criminal-history-information-in-india/) - By James B. Jacobs | India, like the U.S., is a federal political system comprised of states. In both countries, the states have primary authority over creation, disclosure, use and collateral consequences of criminal records, albeit within a basic national framework. Police and courts both create and maintain criminal records required to carry out investigatory and adjudicatory functions. However,
- [Interstate restoration of rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/11/24/interstate-restoration-rights/) - By CCRC Staff | Can people restored to full legal status in one state expect their status to be recognized if they move to another state, just as marriage is generally given interstate recognition? Can a person convicted in one state qualify for restoration of rights in another? What about a federal offender seeking relief under state law, or
- [Reentry efforts undermined by collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/24/collateral-consequences-undermine-reentry-efforts/) - By Art Beeler | Editor's note: Earlier this week Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that The Justice Department has christened the week of April 24-30 “National Reentry Week.” In the announcement, the Attorney General highlighted “the major steps [taken by the Obama administration] to make our criminal justice system more fair, more efficient, and more effective at reducing recidivism
- [New federal screening requirements for child care workers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/02/25/the-impact-of-federal-regulation-of-child-care-workers-with-criminal-records/) - By Margaret | Child care workers in every state are subject to rigorous criminal background checks that may result in mandatory bars to employment. Until now, each state has been generally free to define its own standards regarding screening for criminal history. That is about to change. By September of next year, states receiving funds under the federal Child
- [Challenge to "Scarlet Letter" travel law moves forward](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/04/challenge-to-scarlet-letter-travel-law-moves-forward/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week a federal judge heard the first arguments in a lawsuit challenging certain provisions of the recently-enacted International Megan’s Law (IML),* including one mandating that the passport of any American required to register for a sex offense involving a minor be marked in "a conspicuous location" with a "unique identifier" of their sex offender
- ["Get to Work or Go to Jail"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/06/get-to-work-or-go-to-jail/) - By CCRC Staff | A new report from the UCLA Labor Center with the snappy title of “Get To Work or Go To Jail" describes how the criminal justice system may compromise employment opportunities in more ways than one, placing workers on community supervision or in debt at the mercy of employers. Noah Zatz of the UCLA Law faculty,
- [Japan restricts entry to many convicted people](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/11/japan-bars-all-drug-offenders-from-entry/) - By Robert Hauberg | Japan has perhaps the strictest conviction-related bars to entry of any country, extending broadly to many felonies (and even some misdemeanors) and without regard to length of stay or purpose. Even when entry to other countries has been granted with an administrative waiver, as to Canada, U.S. executives of Japanese-based companies have found their landing
- [Scarlet Letter law can move forward -- for now](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/14/scarlet-letter-law-can-move-forward-for-now/) - By CCRC Staff | A federal judge in the Northern District of California has declined to block enforcement of the so-called "Scarlet Letter" provision of the recently-enacted International Megan's Law (IML). U.S. District Judge Phyllis Hamilton ruled on April 12 that a challenge to the requirement that sex offenders' passports be marked with a unique identifier was not ripe for injunctive relief,
- [A plea to stop labeling people who have a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/25/a-plea-to-stop-labeling-people-who-have-a-criminal-record/) - By Margaret | On April 22, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe issued an executive order restoring civil rights to more than 200,000 individuals once convicted of felonies. His courageous action is welcome and long overdue, and there are now only three states nationwide that permanently disenfranchise people based on a felony conviction. The Governor's press release promises new restoration orders
- [Will Prez Obama make federal contractors ban the box? [Update: Not now.]](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/29/will-president-obama-make-federal-contractors-ban-the-box/) - By CCRC Staff | Updated April 29: According to comments late this week from senior White House adviser Valerie Jarrett, the President remains inclined to defer to Congress when it comes to making federal contractors ban the box: Asked whether there was consideration of whether to take action to require federal contractors to “ban the box,” Jarrett said,
- [NYT says NO to "the other f-word," and YES to Gov. McAuliffe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/08/the-times-says-no-to-the-other-f-word-and-yes-to-governor-mcauliffe/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Times has two great Sunday editorials on issues relating to collateral consequences. One deals with the issue of labeling people with a criminal record, of special concern when headline writers seem unable to resist using what Bill Keller at the Marshall Project recently called "the other F-word." The editorial points out that ugly
- [CCRC welcomes Sala Udin to board of directors](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/07/ccrc-welcomes-sala-udin-to-board-of-directors/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is pleased and honored to welcome civil rights activist, community organizer, politician, and accomplished actor Sala Udin to its Board of Directors. Udin is personally familiar with the obstacles faced by those with criminal records, having had to overcome them in becoming a respected community leader and champion for justice.
- [Ban the other box - Suspension and expulsion shouldn't be a bar to college](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/21/ban-the-other-box-suspension-and-expulsion-shouldnt-be-a-bar-to-college/) - By Kate Weisburd | The following piece was originally published by The Marshall Project, a nonprofit news organization focused on the US criminal justice system. Even though criminal records and school disciplinary records are entirely distinct, they both pose similar, often unjust, obstacles to higher education. Consideration of both types of records in the admissions process can have the troubling effect of
- [When does the Second Amendment protect a convicted person's right to bear arms?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/20/a-closer-look-at-the-third-circuits-recent-second-amendment-decision/) - By Margaret | Earlier this month eight judges of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit blocked enforcement of a federal gun control law in two cases involving Pennsylvanians convicted of non-violent misdemeanors many years ago, invoking the Second Amendment's right to bear arms. The appeals court affirmed lower court decisions upholding the constitutional right of Daniel Binderup
- [Sex offender passport law survives challenge](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/05/sex-offender-passport-law-survives-challenge/) - By CCRC Staff | A federal judge in San Francisco has dismissed a constitutional challenge to the recently enacted International Megan's Law, which requires specially-marked passports for registered sex offenders whose offenses involved child victims, and authorizes notification to foreign governments when they travel. The so-called "Scarlet Letter" law is specifically aimed at stopping child sex trafficking and sex tourism,
- [Felony disenfranchisement, state by state](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/26/felony-voting-rights-state-by-state/) - By CCRC Staff | Felony disenfranchisement has become a hot topic as election day looms, and rightfully so given the significant impact that conviction-based loss of voting rights has on the makeup of the electorate and the slim margins by which many national elections are decided. In the perennial swing state of Florida, for example, over 10 percent of the
- [New national study finds ban-the-box policies generally effective](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/31/new-study-finds-ban-the-box-policies-generally-effective/) - By CCRC Staff | A new nation-wide study of "ban-the-box" policies in public employment finds that they have been generally effective in increasing employment opportunities for people with a criminal record. Significantly, the study finds no evidence that these policies encourage reliance on racial stereotyping where public employment alone is concerned -- though the author acknowledged, in an interview with the
- [New York surprises with broad new sealing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/04/19/new-york-surprises-with-broad-new-sealing-law/) - By CCRC Staff | Late Sunday night, the New York Senate finally passed the beleaguered 2017-18 budget bill, which was signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo the following day. And while the passage of the bill was good news to New Yorkers eager to avoid a government shutdown, it should be even better news to a significant number of New Yorkers with
- [SCOTUS invalidates law criminalizing sex offender access to social media](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/20/scotus-invalidates-law-criminalizing-sex-offender-access-to-social-media/) - By Wayne Logan | Departing from its customary reluctance to find fault with laws singling out convicted sex offenders for harsh treatment, after they have completed their sentences, the Supreme Court in Packingham v. North Carolina yesterday struck down a state law making it a felony for registered sex offenders to access commercial social networking websites. The petitioner in Packingham,
- [Nevada's good sealing law gets better](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/09/01/nevadas-good-sealing-law-gets-even-better/) - By CCRC Staff | In just over a month, an amendment to Nevada’s adult conviction sealing law will take effect, drastically reducing the waiting periods for all conviction types, and reducing procedural burdens on applicants. Nevada’s law is already one of the broadest in the country, permitting sealing of all adult conviction records except for those related to particularly
- [Expungement in Indiana - A radical experiment and how it is working so far](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/12/21/expungement-in-indiana-a-radical-experiment-and-how-it-is-working-so-far/) - By Margaret | Note: This is the first of what we anticipate will be a series of reports on some of the more progressive restoration schemes enacted in the past several years. Marion County Deputy Prosecutor Andrew Fogle says the four years since Indiana enacted a broad “second chance” law have been like “the Wild West.” Fogle, who oversees
- [Indiana enacts progressive new licensing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/04/03/indiana-enacts-progressive-new-licensing-law/) - By CCRC Staff | The race is on in 2018 to see which State can enact the most progressive new laws on restoration of rights. As in the past, Indiana is at the forefront of reform. On March 21, Governor Eric Holcomb signed into law HB 1245, which appears to be the most progressive and comprehensive scheme for regulation
- [SBA modifies criminal history restrictions in its loan programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/04/14/sba-modifies-criminal-history-restrictions-in-its-loan-programs/) - By CCRC Staff | We have written at length about the broad criminal history restrictions imposed by the U.S. Small Business Administration in its business loan and disaster assistance programs. These restrictions, which first came to the public's attention during the pandemic, have limited the availability of federally guaranteed bank loans to small businesses in developing communities, and stymied
- [Employment bars in long-term health care facilities declared unconstitutional in Pennsylvania](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/05/employment-bars-long-term-health-care-facilities-declared-unconstitutional/) - By Margaret | A few days ago we received the following communique from Sharon Dietrich of Community Legal Services of Philadelphia, announcing a major litigation victory that will be welcome news across the country. On December 30 a unanimous 7-judge appeals court struck down the provisions of the Pennsylvania Older Americans Protective Services Act barring employment of people
- [Round-up of fair chance licensing reforms in 2024](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/08/06/round-up-of-fair-chance-licensing-reforms-in-2024/) - By CCRC Staff | Expanding employment opportunities in licensed occupations has been a priority for criminal record reformers in the past half dozen years. Happily, fair chance licensing reforms also appear less politically controversial than some others, with Midwestern states like Iowa and Indiana among the most progressive in the Nation in their treatment of justice-impacted license applicants in
- [Executive Pardon: A National Survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/28/executive-pardon-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying various legal mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, a revision and updating of our 2020 report “The Many Roads to Reintegration." The first post in the series ("Expungement, Sealing & Set-Aside of Convictions"), published on February 25, gives some
- [SBA finalizes rule limiting consideration of criminal history in loan programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/04/30/sba-finalizes-rule-removing-most-criminal-history-restrictions-in-loan-programs/) - By Margaret | Today, the Small Business Administration's rule removing most criminal history restrictions in its federally guaranteed loan programs will be published in final form. This marks an important step in opening additional sources of business capital to justice-impacted entrepreneurs, and a boon to developing communities that thrive on the success of their small businesses. The final
- [First fair chance licensing reforms of 2024](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/03/27/first-fair-chance-licensing-reforms-of-2024/) - By CCRC Staff | Expanding employment opportunities in licensed occupations has been a priority for criminal record reformers in the past half dozen years. Happily, fair chance licensing reforms also appear less politically controversial than some others, with Midwestern states like Iowa and Indiana among the most progressive in the Nation in their treatment of justice-impacted license applicants and
- [Fair Chance Employment and Occupational Licensure: A National Survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/25/fair-chance-employment-and-occupational-licensure-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | Yesterday we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying various legal mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, a revision and updating of our 2020 report “The Many Roads to Reintegration." The first post in the series ("Expungement, Sealing & Set-Aside of Convictions") gives some additional background about the report.
- [Minnesota enacts four major record reforms in 2023](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/10/18/minnesota-enacts-four-major-record-reforms-in-2023/) - By CCRC Staff | Thanks to a series of criminal-justice reforms enacted earlier this year, Minnesota has burnished its reputation as a national leader in reintegration and criminal record reform. In a year in which there have been far fewer criminal record reforms than in the recent past, Minnesota’s performance stands out for the variety and breadth of relief
- [A New Year's wish:  New life for the pardon power!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/01/02/a-new-years-wish-new-life-for-the-pardon-power/) - By CCRC Staff | As the first post of 2024, we are highlighting a great article by Matt Stout of the Boston Globe about how Massachusetts Governor Healey and other governors across the country are reviving their pardon power after years of neglect: "Clemency was a political third rail for decades. Healey and other governors are starting to embrace
- [Round-up of 2023 record-clearing laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/01/04/round-up-of-2023-record-clearing-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | In a year that saw fewer criminal record reforms enacted than in the recent past, six states plus the District of Columbia took significant steps to expand their sealing and expungement laws. Minnesota, New York, and the District of Columbia enacted the most ambitious record-clearing schemes, expanding eligibility for relief while also making some relief
- [Making the research case for hiring people with a conviction record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/01/12/making-the-research-case-for-hiring-people-with-a-conviction-record/) - By CCRC Staff | To persuade employers and policymakers to make fact-based decisions on hiring people who have been involved with the criminal justice system, they need the research facts presented in an accessible way. A new, short, sharable publication from Dr. Shawn Bushway at RAND explodes many of the myths about people with a conviction record that keep
- ["Advancing Second Chances: Clean Slate and Other Record Reforms in 2023"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2024/01/08/advancing-second-chances-clean-slate-and-other-record-reforms-in-2023/) - By CCRC Staff | At the beginning of each year since 2016, CCRC has issued a report on legislative enactments in the year just ended, describing and evaluating new laws aimed at reducing the barriers faced by people with a criminal record in the workplace, at the ballot box, and in many other areas of daily life. This year's
- [Many States Still Deny SNAP and TANF Benefits to People with a Drug Felony, According to a New Report](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/12/06/many-states-still-deny-snap-and-tanf-benefits-to-people-with-a-drug-felony-according-to-a-new-report/) - By Nick Sibilla | FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE December 6, 2023 Media Contact: Nick Sibilla nick@ccresourcecenter.org David Hebert dhebert@arnoldventures.org Many States Still Deny SNAP and TANF Benefits to People with a Drug Felony, According to a New Report Washington, D.C. -- Almost half the states still exclude thousands of Americans with a drug felony in their
- [DC enacts progressive new record-clearing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/04/06/dc-enacts-progressive-new-record-clearing-law/) - By CCRC Staff | Until last month, the District of Columbia had one of the most complex and restrictive record relief laws in the country. D.C.'s sealing law even applied the same burdensome petition-based procedures, extended waiting periods, and onerous burdens of proof to non-conviction records that applied to convictions. In testimony before the D.C. Council in 2021, CCRC's
- [Accessing SNAP and TANF Benefits after a Drug Conviction: A Survey of State Laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/12/06/accessing-snap-and-tanf-benefits-after-a-drug-conviction-a-survey-of-state-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to present a new report, “Accessing SNAP and TANF Benefits after a Drug Conviction: A Survey of State Laws.” This report offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the differing ways states have responded to the 1996 federal ban on access to SNAP and TANF benefits for those with a felony drug
- [Comments on SBA proposal to eliminate criminal history loan restrictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/11/16/comments-on-sba-proposal-to-eliminate-criminal-history-loan-restrictions/) - By CCRC Staff | On November 14, CCRC filed comments on the SBA's proposal to roll back criminal history restrictions in its federally guaranteed business and disaster loan programs. (The SBA’s proposal is described in our post on September 15.) We were joined with the Washington Lawyers Committee on Civil Rights and Urban Affairs and the National Community Reinvestment
- [SBA proposes to remove criminal record restrictions in loan programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/09/18/sba-proposes-to-remove-criminal-record-restrictions-in-loan-programs/) - By Margaret | On September 15, the SBA published for comment a series of rule changes eliminating criminal record restrictions in all of its various federally guaranteed business and disaster loan programs, including rules making business owners ineligible for loans if they are on parole or probation or under indictment. Application forms and procedures will no longer inquire
- [SBA takes one step toward fair chance lending, but needs to take another](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/09/07/sba-takes-one-step-toward-fair-chance-lending-hesitates-to-take-another/) - By CCRC Staff | The U.S. Small Bujsiness Administration has taken several recent steps that promise to make federally guaranteed loans available to business owners with a criminal history. This is an important policy issue we've been following for several years, and it appears there may at last be a breakthrough. How big a breakthrough remains to be seen.
- [Pending federal reforms promise support for justice-affected entrepreneurs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/03/09/pending-reforms-promise-support-for-justice-affected-entrepreneurs/) - By CCRC Staff | Word is getting around about pending reforms that would make federal support for small businesses more widely available to entrepreneurs with a criminal history. Notably, the U.S. Small Business Administration has recently taken steps to reduce or remove entirely criminal record-related restrictions in its loan and contracting programs. These are steps that CCRC has been
- [The Frontiers of Dignity: Clean Slate and Other Criminal Record Reforms in 2022](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/01/10/the-frontiers-of-dignity-clean-slate-and-other-criminal-record-reforms-in-2022/) - By CCRC Staff | At the beginning of each year since 2017, CCRC has issued a report on legislative enactments in the year just ended, new laws aimed at reducing the barriers faced by people with a criminal record in the workplace, at the ballot box, and in many other areas of daily life. These annual reports document the
- [Biden Administration announces actions to promote reintegration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/04/28/biden-administration-announces-actions-to-promote-reintegration/) - By CCRC Staff | Reprinted below is a list of the actions announced on this day by the Administration to promote successful reentry and rehabilitation. Notably, the list includes an intention to expand action to business capital by justice-affected entrepreneurs: Expanding Access to Business Capital. The Small Business Administration will publish a notice of proposed rulemaking, that, if adopted, would
- [Applying for federal disaster assistance with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/10/12/applying-for-federal-disaster-assistance-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | In addition to its lending and other programs in support of small businesses, the U.S. Small Business Administration provides long-term low-interest loans under Section 7(b) of the Small Business Act directly to individuals, businesses, and nonprofits in declared disaster areas. The current devastation wrought by Hurricane Ian in Florida -- the subject of a dedicated
- [DC’s non-conviction sealing law is uniquely complex and restrictive](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/30/dcs-non-conviction-sealing-law-is-uniquely-complex-and-restrictive/) - By Margaret | Last year, 20 states enacted reforms expanding access to expungement, record-sealing, and other forms of record relief. Many legislatures, including the District of Columbia Council, are considering reform proposals this session. Given the progressive steps taken by the District in the past year to expand opportunities for people with a criminal record to vote and
- [Marijuana legalization and expungement in early 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/05/07/marijuana-legalization-and-expungement-in-early-2021/) - By David Schlussel | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center, with support from the Drug Enforcement and Policy Center, produced a report and an accompanying infographic that summarize the groundbreaking criminal reforms enacted this year as part of marijuana legalization and situate them in the national context. The report finds that: "With broad public support now for legalization, there is
- [Study reveals potential for racial bias in presidential pardon process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/24/study-reveals-potential-for-racial-bias-in-presidential-pardon-process/) - By Margaret | Last week the RAND Corporation published its long-awaited Statistical Analysis of Presidential Pardons, commissioned in 2012 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine whether the Justice Department process for deciding who to recommend for a presidential pardon is tainted with “systematic” racial bias. The RAND study appears to have been a direct response to
- [Oregon’s expungement statute gets a much-needed overhaul](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/25/oregons-expungement-statute-gets-a-much-needed-overhaul/) - By Mary VanderWeele | - Following George Floyd’s murder, NIKE and Metropolitan Public Defender, Oregon’s largest trial-level public defense service provider, became unlikely partners to improve Oregon’s expungement statute. Oregon has allowed expungement of certain criminal records since 1972, but the law and process are so complicated and costly that only 5.5% of eligible residents ultimately obtain relief. The
- [New collection of research on sex offense registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/01/new-collection-of-research-on-sex-offense-registration/) - By CCRC Staff | Cambridge University Press has just published a new book, edited by Professors Wayne A. Logan and J.J. Prescott, containing chapters from the nation’s leading social science researchers on the many important empirical questions surrounding sex offense registration and community notification (SORN). Since SORN's origin in the early 1990s, basic questions have existed regarding its effects,
- ["After Trump: The Future of the President’s Pardon Power"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/04/after-trump-the-future-of-the-presidents-pardon-power/) - By Margaret | This is the title of the new issue of the Federal Sentencing Reporter, which is now available online. As explained by the FSR editors in the issue's introduction, FSR is continuing its tradition of exploring each president's pardoning practices at the end of their term: This Issue of the Federal Sentencing Reporter shines a light on the
- [Dozens of new expungement laws already enacted in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/07/dozens-of-new-expungement-laws-already-enacted-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | This year is turning out to be another remarkable year for new record relief enactments. In just the first six months of 2021, 25 states enacted no fewer than 51 laws authorizing sealing or expungement of criminal records, with another 5 states enrolling 11 bills that await a governor's signature. Three of these states authorized
- [Access Barriers to Felony Expungement in Utah](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/16/access-barriers-to-expungement-of-felony-records-in-utah/) - By CCRC Staff | Currently, 39 states authorize expungement or sealing of at least some felony convictions.[i] Recent research shows that only a small percentage of eligible individuals actually complete the court petition process required to obtain such relief, which is frequently hard to understand and usually burdensome, costly, and time-consuming.[ii] Ideally, the most efficient way to overcome these
- [Reintegration reform returns to pre-pandemic levels in first half of 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/23/reintegration-reform-returns-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-first-half-of-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | This year is proving to be a landmark one for legislation restoring rights and opportunities to people with a criminal record, extending the remarkable era of "reintegration reform" that began around 2013. Just in the past six months, 30 states and the District of Columbia have enacted an extraordinary 101 new laws to mitigate collateral
- [Federal policies block loans to small business owners with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/08/02/federal-policies-block-support-for-small-business-owners-with-a-record/) - By David Schlussel | Starting a small business is increasingly recognized as a pathway to opportunity for individuals with an arrest or conviction history—particularly given the disadvantages they face in the labor market. An estimated 4% of small businesses in the United States have an owner with a conviction (1.5% have a felony conviction). Small businesses provide "a vital
- [Arizona enacts its very first sealing law - and it's impressive!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/08/26/arizona-enacts-its-very-first-sealing-law-and-its-impressive/) - By CCRC Staff | In July 2021, in an unheralded action in the final days of its legislative session, Arizona enacted a law that authorized its courts for the first time to seal conviction records. See SB1294, enacting Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-911. The same law authorized sealing of uncharged arrests and dismissed and acquitted charges, also for the first
- ["The Future of the President's Pardon Power"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/09/13/the-future-of-the-presidents-pardon-power/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is pleased to announce a series of online panels on successive Tuesdays in September, starting on September 14, that will explore in depth the use of the pardon power by President Donald Trump, and how it both reflects recent trends in pardoning and is likely to influence pardoning in the
- [CCRC's First Newsletter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/09/28/ccrcs-first-newsletter/) - By Jack Keating | Dear Subscribers, We write with an update on our continued work to promote public discussion of restoration of rights and opportunities for people with a record. Highlights from this year's work are summarized below, including roundups of new legislation, case studies on barriers to expungement, policy recommendations, and a new “fair chance lending” project to
- [Forum on governmental barriers to small business financing for people with a criminal history](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/11/10/forum-on-governmental-barriers-to-small-business-financing-for-people-with-a-criminal-history/) - By CCRC Staff | We are delighted to announce a program where a panel of experts will discuss the barriers faced by small business owners and managers with a criminal history in obtaining government-sponsored loans. This virtual program will take place on November 18 from 12:00-1:15pm (EST), and is sponsored by the Georgetown Center for Business and Public Policy
- [VIDEO: Governmental Barriers to Small Business Financing for People with a Criminal History](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/11/23/video-governmental-barriers-to-small-business-financing-for-people-with-a-criminal-history/) - By CCRC Staff | On November 18, the Georgetown Center for Business & Public Policy hosted an informative and provocative forum on “Understanding Governmental Barriers to Small Business Financing for People With a Criminal History.” A video recording of the program is now available on YouTube. This event marks the first public discussion of our organization's new initiative aimed
- [Oregon ramps up its clemency, record relief, and resentencing programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/01/11/oregon-ramps-up-its-clemency-record-relief-and-resentencing-programs/) - By Jack Keating | Note: This is the second post in a series on state pardoning. The first discussed Governor Tony Evers’ reinvigoration of clemency in Wisconsin. Oregon Governor Kate Brown, along with the state legislature, have reimagined how Oregon grants executive clemency, early release, and record relief. Brown has issued more pardons and commutations than any Oregon governor
- [A radical new approach to measuring recidivism risk](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/01/12/a-radical-new-approach-to-measuring-recidivism-risk/) - By CCRC Staff | NOTE: This post has been updated as of 4/2 to incorporate additional research. Researchers at the RAND Corporation have proposed a radical new approach to measuring recidivism risk that raises questions about decades of received truth about the prevalence of reoffending after people leave prison. At least since the 1990s, the Bureau of Justice Statistics
- ["From Reentry to Reintegration:  Criminal Record Reforms in 2021"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/01/24/from-reentry-to-reintegration-criminal-record-reforms-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | At the beginning of each year since 2017, CCRC has issued a report on legislation enacted in the past year that is aimed at reducing the barriers faced by people with a criminal record in the workplace, at the ballot box, and in many other areas of daily life. These reports have documented the steady
- [Reintegration Champion Awards for 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/01/27/reintegration-champion-awards-for-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | Based on our annual report on 2021 criminal record reforms, the bipartisan commitment to a reintegration agenda keeps getting stronger. A majority of the 151 new laws enacted last year authorize courts to clear criminal records, in some states for the very first time, and several states enacted “clean slate” automatic record clearing. Other new
- [When banks ask loan applicants about their arrest record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/01/when-banks-ask-loan-applicants-about-their-arrest-record/) - By CCRC Staff | The National Community Reinvestment Coalition reports that its evaluation of small business loan applications from a sample of seven banks in Washington, DC revealed that "some lenders discriminate against applicants who have been charged at any time in their lives with a criminal offense." A comment on the NCRC website proposes that these banks consider
- [CFPB documents the financial burdens imposed on justice-involved individuals](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/02/cfpb-documents-the-financial-burdens-imposed-on-justice-involved-individuals/) - By CCRC Staff | The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has just issued an extraordinary new report on the financial challenges faced by justice-involved individuals in navigating each stage of the criminal justice system. The report, which describes itself as "the first of its kind done by the CFPB," paints a devastating picture of how the criminal law enforcement system
- [Oklahoma enacts automatic record clearing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/05/04/oklahoma-enacts-automatic-record-clearing-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On May 2, 2022, Oklahoma Governor Stitt signed into law a comprehensive process making expungement automatic for all otherwise eligible misdemeanors and a range of non-conviction records. See HB 3316, enacting 22 Okla. Stat. Ann. § 18(C). Oklahoma thus becomes the tenth state to join the bipartisan trend toward broadening the availability of record clearing
- [Racial disparity in clean slate record clearing? California responds](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/08/25/racial-disparity-in-clean-slate-record-clearing-californias-legislature-responds/) - By CCRC Staff | Reproduced below is a press release describing new research by three California scholars published in the Law & Society Review, based on California sentencing data, showing how eligibility criteria for automatic record clearing "can inadvertently perpetuate racial inequity within the criminal justice system." This conclusion seems to us unsurprising, and likely has broader national application
- [A closer look at racial disparities in California’s automatic record clearing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/09/19/a-closer-look-at-racial-disparities-in-californias-automatic-record-clearing/) - By Rob Poggenklass | Numerous studies have demonstrated how Black Americans are treated more harshly at every stage of the criminal legal system—from over-policing to overcharging to more punitive sentencing. New research from California shows how eligibility limitations on criminal record relief perpetuate racial disparities in the criminal justice system, and have a disproportionately adverse effect on Black Americans.
- [California poised to expand record clearing to cover most felonies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/09/26/california-poised-to-enact-significant-expansion-of-record-clearing-to-cover-most-felonies/) - By CCRC Staff | NOTE: On September 29, Governor Newsom signed into law both of the bills discussed in the post below. They will take effect on January 1, 2023. California Governor Gavin Newsom is expected to sign this week two bills that will give that state the broadest record-clearing laws in the nation. Senate Bill 731 would
- [Oklahoma and California win Reintegration Champion awards for 2022 laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/01/17/reintegration-awards-for-2022-2/) - By CCRC Staff | On January 10 we posted our annual report on new laws enacted in 2022 to restore rights and opportunities to people with a record of arrest or conviction. Like our earlier reports, it documents the steady progress of what we characterized two years ago as “a full-fledged law reform movement” aimed at restoring rights and
- [SBA proposes to ease criminal history restrictions in loan programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2023/01/19/sba-proposes-to-ease-criminal-history-restrictions-in-loan-programs/) - By CCRC Staff | On October 23, 2022, the U.S. Small Business Administration published for comment a rule that would significantly expand the availability of federally guaranteed loans to entrepreneurs with a criminal history. This rule, if finalized, could also transform the SBA’s role in support of urban community development. The proposed rule, titled ”Affiliation and Lending Criteria for
- [Marijuana legalization and record clearing in 2022](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/12/20/marijuana-legalization-and-record-clearing-in-2022/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC is pleased to announce a new report on recent cannabis-specific record sealing and expungement reforms in the past 18 months. The report, extending CCRC's fruitful collaboration with the Drug Enforcement and Policy Center at The Ohio State University, is available here. An accompanying infographic (reproduced at the end of this postr) summarizes the report’s
- [SBA reduces criminal history restrictions in one of its business development programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/12/12/sba-reduces-criminal-history-restrictions-in-one-of-its-business-development-programs/) - By CCRC CCRC Staff | We are very pleased to see that the U.S. Small Business Administration has taken a significant step toward ending discrimination against justice-affected small business owners in the programs it administers. In a new rule governing certification of veteran-owned businesses for preferential treatment in the award of VA contracts, the SBA has omitted a requirement that
- [Webinar: Credit barriers for entrepreneurs with a criminal history](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/11/09/webinar-credit-barriers-for-entrepreneurs-with-a-criminal-history/) - By CCRC Staff | Webinar November 10 at 1 EST Generational Wealth: Credit Barriers for People with a Criminal History Tune on Thursday Nov. 10 at 1 EST for a webinar hosted by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition on barriers to credit for small business owners with a criminal record. Panelists, including CCRC’s Margaret Love, will describe the many
- [Applying for SBA COVID-19 relief with a criminal record in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/08/applying-for-an-sba-loan-with-a-criminal-record-2/) - By CCRC Staff | Last Updated: September 9, 2021 In December 2020, Congress authorized additional COVID-19 financial relief for small businesses and nonprofits, available through the Small Business Administration (SBA). The SBA's two primary programs for COVID-19 financial relief are the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which provides forgivable loans to small businesses and nonprofits to help keep their staff
- [Waiting for Relief: A National Survey of Waiting Periods for Record Clearing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/23/waiting-for-relief-a-national-survey-of-waiting-periods-for-record-clearing/) - By CCRC Staff | Our new report is the first-ever comprehensive national survey of the period of time a person, who is otherwise eligible to expunge or seal a misdemeanor or felony conviction record, must wait before obtaining this relief. Waiting periods are usually established by statute and can range from 0 to 20 years. Typically, during a waiting
- ["The Many Roads From Reentry to Reintegration"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/03/03/the-many-roads-from-reentry-to-reintegration/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish the March 2022 revision of our national survey of laws restoring rights and opportunities after arrest or conviction, "The Many Roads from Reentry to Reintegration." Like the earlier report, this report contains a series of essays on various relief mechanisms operating in the states, including legislative restoration of voting and
- [How Europe manages access to criminal records - a model for U.S. reformers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/07/27/how-europe-manages-access-to-criminal-records-a-model-for-u-s-reformers/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to republish a book review by CCRC Executive Director Margaret Love of a collection of essays about how European countries manage access to criminal records. The philosophy and values underpinning the EU approach revealed in these essays are so different from our own that their product will make record reformers in the
- [SBA proposes rules affecting businesses owned by veterans with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/08/09/sba-proposes-rules-affecting-businesses-owned-by-veterans-with-a-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Over the past two years, CCRC has been studying the restrictions imposed by the U.S. Small Business Administration on loans to small businesses owned by justice-affected individuals. Many of those same restrictions, which are grounded in an operating policy that recipients of federal assistance have "good character," also apply by formal rule in the SBA's
- [CCRC has a new Deputy Director!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/08/10/ccrc-has-a-new-deputy-director/) - By Margaret | CCRC's Board of Directors is delighted to announce that Rob Poggenklass has accepted its offer to serve as CCRC Deputy Director. Rob has served as a public defender and legal aid lawyer in Virginia and Iowa for more than a decade, and has the technical legal skills, the field experience, and the passion for the
- ["The High Cost of a Fresh Start"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/14/the-high-cost-of-a-fresh-start/) - By CCRC Staff | The High Cost of a Fresh Start: New Report Examines Court Debt as a Barrier to Clearing a Conviction Record Download the report: https://ccresourcecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Report-High-Cost-of-Fresh-Start.pdf BOSTON – A new report from the National Consumer Law Center and the Collateral Consequences Resource Center explores the extent to which court debt—such as criminal fines, fees, costs, and restitution—is
- [CCRC is seeking its next Deputy Director](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/06/27/ccrc-is-seeking-a-deputy-director/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is seeking an enterprising and committed individual with strong technical skills to serve as its next Deputy Director. The incumbent will work with the Executive Director in all aspects of CCRC’s program, and will have primary responsibility for maintaining the Restoration of Rights Project (RRP), including its various derivative reports
- [Applying for a USDA loan with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/05/12/applying-for-a-usda-loan-with-a-criminal-record/) - By Johnathan Terry | This post is a part of CCRC’s Fair Chance Lending Project (FCLP), and was prepared by students from Yale Law School's Community Economic Development Clinic, which is working with CCRC on the project. The FCLP promotes greater access to government-sponsored loans to justice-impacted small business owners and managers, particularly within the Small Business Administration loan
- [Second Chance Month: A Federal Reintegration Agenda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/04/05/second-chance-month-a-federal-reintegration-agenda/) - By CCRC Staff | In 2017, Prison Fellowship declared April Second Chance Month for the first time. The designation has since gained support from Congress, the White House, state and local bodies, and nongovernmental organizations, as an opportunity to raise awareness about the collateral consequences of arrest or conviction along with the importance of providing second-chance opportunities for people
- [Expungement, Sealing & Set-Aside of Convictions: A National Survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/24/expungement-sealing-set-aside-of-convictions-a-national-survey-2/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to announce the forthcoming publication of a national survey of the various legal mechanisms that exist in each state to restore rights and opportunities after arrest or conviction. Titled "The Many Roads from Reentry to Reintegration," the report revises and updates the survey CCRC originally published in the summer of 2020. Like
- [CCRC seeks intern to assist with Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/02/10/ccrc-seeks-intern-to-assist-with-restoration-of-rights-project/) - By CCRC Staff | The CCRC is seeking an Intern to assist its legal staff in maintaining the Restoration of Rights Project. The RRP is a collection of laws and policies in each U.S. jurisdiction relating to restoration of rights and status following arrest or conviction. The RRP Intern’s primary duties would include tracking relevant legislative bills and collecting and
- [Forgiving v. forgetting: A new redemption tool](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/19/forgiving-v-forgetting-a-new-redemption-tool/) - By Eli Hager | The following thought-provoking piece about the growing popularity of judicial "certificates of good conduct" was first published in The Marshall Project (www.themarshallproject.org) a nonprofit news organization focused on the US criminal justice system. The "forgiving" approach to avoiding or mitigating collateral consequences is an important alternative to the "forgetting" approach advocated by proponents of expungement or
- ["Public opinion and the politics of collateral consequence policies"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2022/01/06/public-opinion-and-the-politics-of-collateral-consequence-policies/) - By CCRC Staff | The title of this post is the title of an intriguing new academic article by Travis Johnston and Kevin H. Wozniak of the University of Massachusetts, Boston. The two find "little evidence that any group of Americans would be mobilized to vote against a legislator who works to reform collateral consequence policies." Here is the
- [Delaware governor signs automatic record-clearing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/11/10/delaware-enacts-automatic-record-clearing-law/) - By John Reynolds | Delaware lawmakers passed two bills this year that overhaul access to second chances, making it easier for more than 290,000 people to move beyond the collateral consequences of a criminal record. The two pieces of legislation – Senate Bill 111 and Senate Bill 112 – expand access to Delaware’s mandatory expungement process effective January 1,
- [Illinois set to become fifth state to cover criminal record discrimination in its fair employment law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/13/illinois-set-to-become-fifth-state-to-cover-criminal-record-discrimination-in-its-fair-employment-law/) - By CCRC Staff | NOTE: Governor Pritzker signed S1480 into law on March 23. In our recent report on criminal record reforms enacted in 2020, we noted that there were only four states that had fully incorporated criminal record into their fair employment law as a prohibited basis of discrimination. These states (New York, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and California) provide
- [Tony Evers revives pardoning in Wisconsin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/10/19/evers-revives-pardoning-in-wisconsin/) - By Jack Keating | In October 2021, Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers issued 15 pardons, adding to the 71 grants he made over the summer, bringing the total number of pardons since he took office in 2019 to an impressive 278. To contextualize this number, the Wisconsin Pardon Database, which extends back to 1977, contains a total of 986 pardons.
- [National maps on expungement, pardoning, and voting rights restoration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/10/08/national-maps-on-expungement-pardoning-and-voting-rights-restoration/) - By David Schlussel | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is pleased to unveil six new maps that visualize the Center's research on national laws and policies for restoring rights and opportunities to people with a record. These maps are now available below and on the 50-state comparison pages (expungement, sealing & other record relief; civil rights; and pardoning). Each
- [CCRC files congressional testimony on fair chance lending](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/09/27/ccrc-files-congressional-testimony-on-fair-chance-lending/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resources Center submitted a statement for the record ahead of tomorrow's hearing before the Subcommittee on Diversity & Inclusion of the House Committee on Financial Services: "Access Denied: Eliminating Barriers and Increasing Economic Opportunity for Justice-Involved Individuals." The CCRC statement recommends that Congress conduct oversight on criminal history restrictions in federally sponsored
- [North Carolina court restores the vote to 56,000](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/08/24/north-carolina-court-restores-the-vote-to-56000/) - By CCRC Staff | Update: This decision was stayed by the North Carolina Court of Appeals on September 3, 2021. As a result, the decision will not go into effect either until the appeal is resolved or further order of the court. A three-judge state court in North Carolina has ruled that state's felony disenfranchisement law unconstitutional as applied
- [CCRC’s collection of scholarship on collateral consequences updated](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/08/27/ccrcs-collection-of-scholarship-on-collateral-consequences-updated/) - By Jack Keating | Scholars, practitioners, and those affected by the criminal system can now more easily access relevant and timely scholarship related to collateral consequences. CCRC has updated the Books and Academic Articles page of its resources section to facilitate quicker retrieval of relevant content. Specifically, CCRC has organized the relevant books and academic articles by category. These
- [California becomes third state to adopt “clean slate” record relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/10/10/california-becomes-third-state-to-adopt-clean-slate-record-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | On October 8, Governor Newsom signed into law AB 1076, the so-called "Clean Slate Act," authorizing automatic record relief in the form of set-aside or sealing for individuals with certain convictions and arrests under California law. The new law supplements but does not supplant the existing system of petition-based relief, and applies to convictions and
- [Restoration of voting and other civil rights in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/08/restoration-of-voting-and-other-civil-rights-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | Voting rights In the first half of 2021, three states enacted laws authorizing automatic restoration of the vote to anyone not actually incarcerated for a felony, and a fourth state did so through executive order, while beginning the process of amending its constitution to accomplish this result. New York and Connecticut repealed provisions disenfranchising anyone
- [New fair chance employment and housing laws in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/07/14/new-fair-chance-employment-and-housing-laws-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | In the first half of 2021, two states enacted major laws significantly expanding protections against discrimination based on criminal record: Illinois in the area of employment and New Jersey in housing decisions. Several other states also enacted new laws regulating consideration of criminal records in employment and housing, which are summarized below. Fair chance employment
- [President Biden orders DOJ to facilitate voting for people in federal custody or under supervision](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/12/president-biden-orders-doj-to-facilitate-voting-for-people-in-federal-custody-or-under-supervision/) - By David Schlussel | On election day in 2016, Crystal Mason, a Texas mother of three, cast a provisional ballot. She was unaware that Texas considered her ineligible to vote because she was on federal supervised release at the time. Six months later she was arrested. A year and a half later, she was convicted of voter fraud and
- [After a haul of record relief reforms in 2020, more states launch clean slate campaigns](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/17/after-a-haul-of-record-relief-reforms-last-year-more-states-launch-clean-slate-campaigns/) - By CCRC Staff | Yesterday, the Clean Slate Initiative, a bipartisan national effort to automate the clearing of criminal records, announced four new state campaigns in Texas, New York, Oregon, and Delaware, joining ongoing campaigns in Louisiana, Connecticut, and North Carolina to advocate for automatic record relief legislation. This announcement follows a productive year for record relief reforms in
- [New Mexico a new leader in criminal record reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/21/new-mexico-a-new-leader-in-criminal-record-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | This year, New Mexico enacted three significant laws restoring rights and opportunities to people with a criminal record, continuing a recent trend of major reforms in this area. The three measures involve adopting most of the provisions of the Uniform Collateral Consequences of Conviction Act, authorizing automatic expungement for a broad range of marijuana offenses
- ["The Mark of Policing: Race and Criminal Records"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/17/the-mark-of-policing-race-and-criminal-records/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of an important symposium piece by Eisha Jain published by the Stanford Law Review, in which she urges that “racial reckoning in policing” include consideration of the negative credentialing effect of arrest records. Using the sociological framework of “marking,” Jain shows how unjustified arrests “both magnify and conceal race-based discrimination.” She
- [New occupational licensing laws in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/06/10/new-occupational-licensing-laws-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | In the first five months of 2021, seven states and the District of Columbia enacted nine separate laws improving opportunities for people with a criminal record to obtain occupational licenses. This continues a four-year trend begun in 2017 that has seen 33 states and the District of Columbia enact 54 separate laws regulating consideration of
- ["Tribal Pardons: A Comparative Study"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/05/21/tribal-pardons-a-comparative-study/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of a fascinating new working paper by Andrew Novak, Assistant Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University, about a little-studied issue: collateral consequences of tribal convictions and how they are mitigated or avoided. This is an important topic not currently addressed in our national resources on restoration of
- [Collected resources on record restrictions for small business relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/07/collected-resources-on-record-restrictions-for-small-business-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | *NEW POST (Jan. 21, 2021): Applying for SBA COVID-19 relief with a criminal record in 2021 On this page, we collected a variety of materials on the restrictions related to arrest or conviction imposed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) on small business owners seeking relief under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and Economic Injury
- [Legalizing marijuana and expunging records across the country](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/03/12/legalizing-marijuana-and-expunging-records-across-the-country/) - By David Schlussel | *NEW: Marijuana legalization and expungement in early 2021 As the legalization or decriminalization of marijuana has now reached a majority of the states, the expungement of criminal records has finally attained a prominent role in the marijuana reform agenda. Laws to facilitate marijuana expungement and other forms of record relief, such as sealing and set-aside,
- [Marijuana expungement accelerates in 2020](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/07/marijuana-expungement-accelerates-in-2020/) - By David Schlussel | *NEW: Marijuana legalization and expungement in early 2021 Marijuana expungement reforms continued to accelerate last year, and record relief has now attained a more prominent role in the broader legalization movement. As we documented in our recent report on 2020 criminal record reforms, six states enacted specialized marijuana relief laws in 2020, following 7 states
- [People with records excluded from growing occupations](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/04/23/people-with-records-excluded-from-growing-occupations/) - By Beth Avery | People with arrest and conviction records continue to demand that employers and policymakers remove unfair barriers to work. Their demands have spurred much-needed legislative change, including “fair chance licensing” laws that reform restrictions on working in occupations requiring a government license or certification. Such changes are crucial to achieving racial equity. Decades of biased policing
- [How states reduce jury diversity by excluding people with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/12/how-states-reduce-jury-diversity-by-excluding-people-with-a-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Last month, the Prison Policy Initiative released a report called Rigging the Jury, showing how all 50 states reduce jury diversity by excluding some people because of their criminal record, in some cases permanently. The report, which includes a map, table, and detailed appendix explaining each state’s policies, shows that: 44 states bar people with
- ["Certifying Second Chances"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/24/certifying-second-chances/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of a provocative new article by Cara Suvall, Assistant Clinical Professor of Law at Vanderbilt Law School, and Director of the Youth Opportunity Clinic. The article, forthcoming in the Cardozo Law Review, catalogues and analyzes the costs and burdens that deter people from accessing certificates intended to enhance employment opportunities. Professor
- [Study measures gap between availability and delivery of “second chance” relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/19/study-measures-gap-between-availability-and-delivery-of-second-chance-relief/) - By David Schlussel | Professor Colleen V. Chien of Santa Clara University has published a major empirical study in the Michigan Law Review that examines the gap between eligibility for and actual delivery of relief from contact with the criminal justice system, a construct she calls the “second chance gap.” (The term is defined with examples here.) Last week,
- [Momentum grows to restore voting rights to people with a felony](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/03/momentum-grows-to-restore-voting-rights-to-people-with-a-felony/) - By CCRC Staff | Our new report on 2020 legislative reforms shows continued progress in state efforts to expand voting rights for people with a felony conviction. Despite a courtroom setback at the Eleventh Circuit, where a federal appeals court ruled that Florida's landmark 2018 felony re-enfranchisement initiative does not restore the vote to people who owe court debt,
- [Applying for an SBA loan with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/03/27/applying-for-an-sba-loan-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | *NEW: Applying for SBA COVID-19 relief with a criminal record in 2021 (March 8, 2021) Loans from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) are a key resource for small businesses fighting to survive during this pandemic. SBA loans are generally loans provided by private lenders and guaranteed by the federal government. The $2+ trillion stimulus
- [Virginia poised to enact "transformative" record clearance law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/03/08/virginia-poised-to-enact-transformative-record-clearance-law/) - By Rob Poggenklass | Editor's Note: We are delighted to post a description of the broad new record relief bill now awaiting Governor Northam's signature, by an attorney-advocate who was actively involved in the campaign to secure its passage. Rob Poggenklass describes the ambitious new law and how it came to be enacted, as well as likely next steps
- [Study: Texas diversion provides dramatic benefits for people facing their first felony](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/23/study-texas-diversion-provides-dramatic-benefits-for-people-facing-their-first-felony/) - By Margaret | Increased use of diversion is a key feature of America’s new age of criminal justice reform. Whether administered informally by prosecutors or under the auspices of courts, diversionary dispositions aim to resolve cases without a conviction—and in so doing, conserve scarce legal resources, provide supportive services, reduce recidivism, and provide defendants with a chance to
- [Access Barriers to Felony Expungement: The Case of Illinois](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/18/access-barriers-to-felony-expungement-the-case-of-illinois/) - By CCRC Staff | Currently, 33 states authorize the expungement or sealing of at least some felony convictions.i However, recent research has shown that only a small percentage of eligible individuals actually complete the court petition process required to obtain this relief in most jurisdictions.ii In the fall of 2020, as an outgrowth of its work surveying record relief
- [Michigan makes sealing of convictions automatic, including for some felonies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/10/13/michigan-becomes-sixth-state-with-automatic-conviction-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | On October 12, Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer signed a series of bills that will dramatically reform that state's "set-aside" authority, colloquially known as "expungement." The bills will establish a new automatic mechanism to expunge certain convictions without a person having to ask for it, and significantly expand eligibility for expungement under the existing petition-based application
- ["A Plan to Restructure (and Revive) Pardoning After Trump"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/20/a-plan-to-restructure-and-revive-pardoning-after-trump/) - By Margaret | The title of this post is the title of my second piece for Lawfare on the future of presidential pardoning after the unjust and irregular practices that characterized pardoning under President Trump. In response to critics who urge that responsibility for pardon advice should be removed from the Justice Department, I argue for restoring the
- [Online Criminal Records Impose ‘Digital Punishment’ on Millions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/11/online-criminal-records-impose-digital-punishment-on-millions/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to republish this excellent article by Andrea Cipriano, which describes a new study of online non-conviction records, with permission from The Crime Report. The study concludes that law enforcement records may remain freely available online indefinitely, notwithstanding state laws calling for automatic expungement of such records. (For more information on expungement of
- [Survey of law enforcement access to sealed non-conviction records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/06/26/national-survey-of-law-enforcement-access-to-sealed-non-conviction-records/) - By Margaret | As part of our non-conviction records project, we have researched what state laws provide on law enforcement agency access to and use of sealed or expunged non-conviction records for routine law enforcement purposes. This issue is particularly salient in light of an ongoing lawsuit against the New York Police Department in which a New York
- [CCRC proposes a reintegration agenda for the 117th Congress](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/08/ccrc-proposes-a-reintegration-agenda-for-the-117th-congress/) - By Margaret | The new Congress has an opportunity to make significant bipartisan progress on criminal justice reform, including reducing barriers to successful reintegration for people with a criminal record.1 This agenda recommends specific measures by which Congress can accomplish this. During the wave of criminal record reform that began around 2013, every state legislature has taken some
- [Surge in reforms to ease driving penalties](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/06/surge-in-reforms-to-ease-driving-penalties/) - By CCRC Staff | This past year saw an unprecedented surge in states enacting so-called “free to drive” laws, as we documented in our recent report on criminal record reforms in 2020. Nine states enacted 16 bills that end the suspension of driver’s licenses either due to unpaid fines and fees, or due to legal violations unrelated to dangerous
- [Two significant new occupational licensing laws enacted in 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/02/04/two-significant-new-occupational-licensing-laws-enacted-in-2021/) - By CCRC Staff | After 11 states enacted 19 laws limiting consideration of criminal records by occupational licensing agencies last year, the first significant record reforms of 2021 are occupational licensing laws enacted by Ohio and the District of Columbia. D.C.'s new law is particularly comprehensive, and applies both to health-related and other licensed professions in the District. The
- [New Jersey Launches Electronic Filing System for Expungements](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/01/28/new-jersey-launches-electronic-filing-system-for-expungements/) - By Akil Roper | Editor's note: In 2019, New Jersey enacted a “clean slate” expungement authority that will eventually be automatic and is now available by petition. The same law directed the development of an e-filing system that is expected to eliminate many access barriers in the existing petition-based process. A detailed description of New Jersey's expungement authorities, including
- [Legislative Report Card: "The Reintegration Agenda During Pandemic"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/01/25/2020-legislative-report-card-the-reintegration-agenda-during-pandemic/) - By Margaret | CCRC's new report documents legislative efforts in 2020 to reduce the barriers faced by people with a criminal record in the workplace, at the ballot box, and in many other areas of daily life. In total, 32 states, D.C., and the federal government enacted 106 bills, approved 5 ballot initiatives, and issued 4 executive orders
- [How Utah Got Automatic Expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/01/15/how-utah-got-automatic-expungement/) - By Noella Sudbury | Editor's note: We are pleased to publish this fascinating account of how one state transformed its record relief system in little more than a year from a standing start, written by a person who had a central role in the transformation. In March of 2019, Utah Governor Gary Herbert signed HB 431, Utah’s
- ["The Reintegration Agenda During Pandemic: Criminal Record Reforms in 2020"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2021/01/14/the-reintegration-agenda-during-pandemic-criminal-record-reforms-in-2020-2/) - By Margaret | In each of the past five years, CCRC has issued an end-of-year report on legislative efforts to reduce the barriers faced by people with a criminal record in the workplace, at the ballot box, and in many other areas of daily life.[i] These reports document the progress of what has become a full-fledged law reform
- [Are Trump’s Pardons a Blessing in Disguise?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/12/30/are-trumps-pardons-a-blessing-in-disguise/) - By Margaret | The title of this post is the title of my piece in Lawfare arguing that, in response to President Trump's reckless pardoning, Congress should reroute many of pardon’s routine functions into the federal courts. The piece is reprinted below: Are Trump’s Pardons a Blessing in Disguise? As President Trump’s irregular and self-serving pardons roll out, incoming
- ["Trump's Theater of Pardoning"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/12/06/trumps-theater-of-pardoning/) - By CCRC Staff | The piece reprinted below is the first part of Bernadette Meyler's contribution to a Symposium published by the Stanford Law Review on her book Theaters of Pardoning. It is as cogent a guide to understanding President Trump's pardoning practices, and how they differ from those of his predecessors, as anything else we have seen. If, as
- [Sex offense registries in Europe and around the world](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/11/24/sex-offense-registries-in-europe-and-around-the-world/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish new research by Stephen Schulhofer about the treatment of sex offense registration in the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the EU. The research, presented here with an introduction by Alessandro Corda, comes from material prepared for inclusion in an upcoming draft of the Model Penal Code: Sexual Assault and
- [Marijuana expungement accelerates across the country](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/11/20/marijuana-expungement-accelerates-across-the-country/) - By David Schlussel | In November’s election, four more states legalized marijuana at the ballot box: Arizona, Montana, New Jersey, and South Dakota. The measures in Arizona and Montana included provisions for expunging the record of convictions for certain marijuana arrests or convictions. During this year's presidential campaign, President-elect Joseph R. Biden called for decriminalizing marijuana use and automatically
- [Updated: "Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A 50-State Survey"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/11/23/who-must-pay-to-regain-the-vote-a-50-state-survey-2/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish an update of our 50-state report on how unpaid court debt blocks restoration of voting rights lost as a result of a felony conviction: Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A 50-State Survey This report examines the extent to which state reenfranchisement laws consider payment of legal financial obligations
- [SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/07/sba-throws-in-the-towel-and-congress-extends-the-ppp-deadline/) - By CCRC Staff | After Congress authorized hundreds of billions of dollars for small business relief during COVID-19, the Small Business Administration (SBA) by rule and by policy imposed restrictions on applicants with an arrest or conviction history. As we have documented, these SBA barriers, neither required nor contemplated by Congress, unlawfully impeded access to the Paycheck Protection Program
- [The Reintegration Report Card](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/10/06/the-reintegration-report-card/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish "The Reintegration Report Card," a new resource that ranks and grades all 50 states on how their laws address voting rights, record relief (including expungement and pardon), fair employment, and occupational licensing for people with a criminal record. This Report Card supplements our recent 50-state report, "The Many Roads to
- [IRS blocks stimulus tax relief to people in prison; court orders relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/18/irs-blocks-stimulus-tax-relief-to-people-in-prison/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (10/19/20): Per federal court orders, incarcerated individuals may now apply for stimulus payments. The current deadline to apply is November 4, 2020. More information is available at this link. In response to the public health and economic challenges of COVID-19, Congress in March 2020 enacted the CARES Act. We have written at length about
- [Business community endorses broad second-chance agenda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/10/16/business-community-endorses-second-chance-agenda/) - By CCRC Staff | The Business Roundtable, which represents the CEOs of major U.S. companies, yesterday issued corporate and public policy recommendations to advance racial equity and justice in the wake of 2020's triple crises disproportionately impacting communities of color: pandemic, recession, and protests in response to police violence. The policy recommendations have six themes: employment, finance, education, health,
- [Expungement, sealing & set-aside of convictions: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/09/01/expungement-sealing-set-aside-of-convictions-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. Last month we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." So far, we have previewed the report in draft chapters covering "loss and
- [Michigan to be sixth state with automatic conviction relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/09/30/michigan-to-be-sixth-state-with-automatic-conviction-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (10/12/20): Gov. Whitmer signed the legislation into law. On September 23, the Michigan legislature approved a series of bills that would dramatically reform that state's "set-aside" authority, colloquially known as "expungement." The bills, which are headed to Gov. Gretchen Whitmer for signature, would significantly expand eligibility for expungement under the existing petition-based application system,
- ["The Many Roads to Reintegration”: A 50-state report on laws restoring rights and opportunities](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/09/08/the-many-roads-to-reintegration-a-national-survey-of-restoration-law/) - By Margaret | We are pleased to release a new report describing the present landscape of laws in the United States aimed at restoring rights and opportunities after an arrest or conviction. This report, titled The Many Roads to Reintegration, is an update and refresh of our previous national survey, last revised in 2018. The report covers voting
- [The Many Roads to Reintegration:  A national survey of laws restoring rights and opportunities after arrest or conviction](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/24/the-many-roads-to-reintegration-a-national-survey-of-laws-restoring-rights-and-opportunities-after-arrest-or-conviction/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. We are pleased to announce that this summer we will publish a national report on the various approaches to restoration of rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction being implemented throughout the United States. Over the next few weeks, we will
- [Loss and restoration of voting and firearms rights after conviction: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/24/loss-and-restoration-of-voting-and-firearms-rights-after-conviction-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. Earlier today we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report on mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." As promised, here is the first chapter of that report on loss and
- [Fair chance employment and occupational licensing: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/06/iii-fair-chance-employment-and-occupational-licensing-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. Last week we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." Also last week, we published the first chapter of that report on loss
- [Pardon policy & practice: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/19/iii-fair-chance-employment-and-occupational-licensing-a-national-survey-2/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. In July, we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." So far, we have previewed the report by publishing draft sections covering "loss
- [Deferred adjudication: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/20/deferred-adjudication-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. In July, we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." So far, we have previewed the report by publishing draft chapters covering "loss
- [Non-conviction records: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/24/non-conviction-records-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. In July, we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." So far, we have previewed the report by publishing draft chapters covering "loss
- [Judicial certificates of relief: A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/26/judicial-certificates-of-relief-a-national-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update (9/8/20): the full national report, "The Many Roads to Reintegration," is now available. Last month we announced the forthcoming publication of a national report surveying mechanisms for restoring rights and opportunities following arrest or conviction, titled "The Many Roads to Reintegration." So far, we have previewed the report in draft chapters covering "loss and
- [NC court rules vote may not be denied based on court debt](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/09/06/nc-court-rules-vote-may-not-be-denied-based-on-court-debt/) - By CCRC Staff | On September 4, a North Carolina state court issued a major decision on restoration of voting rights. In North Carolina, voting rights lost upon a felony conviction are automatically restored upon "unconditional discharge" of sentence or unconditional pardon. A three-judge panel, observing that "unconditional discharge" can be delayed for up to eight years because of
- [The Purgatory of Digital Punishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/17/the-purgatory-of-digital-punishment/) - By Sarah Lageson | It doesn’t matter whether they’re accurate—criminal records are all over the internet, where anyone can find them. And everyone does. By SARAH ESTHER LAGESON On a frozen December day in Minneapolis, William walked into a free legal aid seminar, to try to fix his criminal record. Lumbering toward a lawyer, his arms full of paperwork, William
- [CCRC research featured in Florida felony voting case briefs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/11/ccrc-research-featured-in-florida-felony-voting-case-briefs/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week, we published our amicus brief in an appeal about the constitutionality of Florida’s system for restoring the vote to people with felony convictions. We urged the Eleventh Circuit to affirm a district court decision that Florida’s “pay-to-vote” system is unconstitutional, relying on our research report showing that few states have as restrictive a
- [CCRC urges 11th Circuit to uphold Florida felony voting decision](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/08/04/ccrc-urges-11th-circuit-to-uphold-florida-felony-voting-decision/) - By Margaret | Yesterday, we filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in a case about the constitutionality of Florida's system for restoring the vote to people with felony convictions. We urge the court to affirm the lower court decision's that declared Florida's "pay-to-vote" system unconstitutional. The brief draws on our
- [Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A 50-State Survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/29/who-must-pay-to-regain-the-vote-a-50-state-survey/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish a new 50-state report on how unpaid court debt blocks restoration of voting rights lost as a result of conviction: Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A 50-State Survey This report examines the extent to which state reenfranchisement laws consider payment of legal financial obligations (LFOs), including fines, fees,
- [Pennsylvania expands access to 255 licensed occupations for people with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/14/pennsylvania-expands-access-to-255-licensed-occupations-for-people-with-a-record/) - By CCRC Staff | On July 1, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf signed into law an expansive new regulation of the state's occupational licensing process, giving the agencies that control access to 255 occupations detailed new standards for considering criminal records in the licensing process. Pennsylvania has not addressed these issues on a state-wide basis since the 1970's, and with
- [Report card on licensing laws finds progress, but still a way to go](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/25/report-card-on-licensing-laws-finds-progress-but-still-a-way-to-go/) - By CCRC Staff | The Institute for Justice, a leader in advocacy for reforming occupational licensing laws, has just issued a major new report grading the states on the opportunities they give to people with a criminal record. The press release and links are below. We are not at all surprised that Indiana got the best grade—or that so
- [SBA rolls back many criminal history barriers just before deadline](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/24/sba-rolls-back-many-criminal-history-barriers-just-before-deadline/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" After Congress authorized hundreds of billions of dollars for small business relief during COVID-19, the Small Business Administration (SBA) imposed restrictions on applicants with an arrest or conviction history. We have written much in recent weeks about how these barriers, neither required
- [SBA eases some criminal history barriers and faces litigation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/16/sba-eases-some-criminal-history-barriers-and-faces-litigation/) - The changes are more limited than the proposed Senate bill, and continue to reflect an SBA overreach in its approach to loan applicants with criminal records, at a time when we are nearing the June 30 closing date to apply for this much-needed assistance.
- [Senate bill would deliver relief to small biz owners with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/05/senate-bill-would-deliver-relief-to-small-biz-owners-with-a-record/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" After Congress authorized hundreds of billions of dollars for small business relief during COVID-19, the Small Business Administration (SBA) imposed restrictions on applicants with an arrest or conviction history. These barriers, neither required nor contemplated by Congress, impede access to the two
- [New efforts to channel federal relief to small business owners with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/05/20/efforts-to-allow-small-business-owners-with-a-record-to-access-federal-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" After Congress authorized hundreds of billions of dollars in funds for small business relief during COVID-19, the Small Business Administration (SBA) imposed restrictions on applicants with an arrest or conviction history. These barriers, neither required nor contemplated by Congress, impede access to
- [Is SBA denying disaster relief based only on an arrest?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/05/06/is-sba-denying-disaster-relief-based-only-on-an-arrest/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" In response to COVID-19, Congress created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and expanded the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program, appropriating hundreds of billions of dollars across these programs to assist small businesses affected by the pandemic and economic crisis. As we
- [Mnuchin defends record restrictions for SBA stimulus loans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/22/mnuchin-defends-sbas-new-record-related-restrictions-on-stimulus-loans/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" We have written much in recent days about how the SBA has imposed new restrictions on participation in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) by small business owners with a record of arrest or conviction. We were therefore surprised to hear Secretary Mnuchin
- [Second Chance Small Businesses Deserve Another Chance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/21/second-chance-small-businesses-deserve-another-chance/) - By Marc Levin | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" As America prepares to get back to work, will some people be left behind? The Small Business Administration (SBA) has adopted rules for emergency COVID-19 loans that exclude otherwise eligible existing small businesses from relief solely because they are owned in part by
- [SBA has no excuse for excluding people with a record from stimulus relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/20/sba-has-no-excuse-for-excluding-people-with-a-record-from-stimulus-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" Some federal officials have claimed in recent days that the government is required to bar people with a criminal record from emergency loans under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) either by the CARES Act or by preexisting SBA rules. Neither assertion is true. There
- [SBA's bumpy guidance on criminal history requirements for stimulus loans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/03/sbas-bumpy-guidance-on-criminal-history-requirements-for-stimulus-loans/) - By CCRC Staff | *UPDATE (7/7/20): "SBA throws in the towel and Congress extends the PPP deadline" The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) oversees an array of government-backed loans that are key resources for small businesses fighting to survive during this pandemic. The recently-enacted stimulus bill authorized more than $300 billion in new SBA loans, many of which are
- [North Carolina enacts Second Chance Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/07/02/north-carolina-enacts-second-chance-act/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC Board member John Rubin of the University of North Carolina faculty has provided us with a detailed account of NC's brand new Second Chance Act, and we are pleased to post it below. We are particularly pleased to see North Carolina join the 13 other states that have enacted automatic record relief for dismissals
- [CCRC in the Post: Protesting should not result in a lifelong record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/17/ccrc-in-the-post-protesting-should-not-result-in-a-lifelong-record/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC's Margaret Love and David Schlussel published an op-ed in the Washington Post on Monday: "Protesting should not result in a lifelong criminal record." The piece begins: Sparked by the killing of George Floyd on May 25, protesters across the country have been demonstrating against police violence and racism. As of June 4, the Associated
- [How to expand expungement: base it in retribution instead of rehabilitation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/08/how-to-expand-expungement-base-it-in-retribution-instead-of-rehabilitation/) - By CCRC Staff | A thoughtful new article by Brian Murray recommends a new way of conceptualizing expungement that should make it easier for reformers to justify facilitating access to this record relief. In “Retributive Expungement,” forthcoming in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Murray argues that expungement should be seen as a way to end warranted punishment rather than
- [CCRC statement on recent events](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/06/02/ccrc-statement-on-recent-events/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC stands with those opposing police violence against black people and other forms of racism throughout society. Black lives matter. Our organization promotes public discussion of how criminal records are used to hold people back in civil society. Discrimination based on a record hits the black community harder than any other, thanks to the long
- [Florida felony disenfranchisement law held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/05/24/florida-felony-disenfranchisement-law-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | This evening the district court issued its opinion in Jones v. DeSantis finding, as expected, that Florida's system for restoring voting rights to those convicted of a felony is unconstitutional. The opinion is at this link, and its summary by the court is below. Additional details of the decision and the court's order are reported in
- [Upgrades to the Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/05/21/upgrades-to-the-restoration-of-rights-project/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to announce the completion of a major project to upgrade our flagship resource, the Restoration of Rights Project (RRP). The RRP is a free on-line compendium of legal research that describes and analyzes the laws and practices relating to criminal record relief in the United States. The improvements we have made will make
- [CCRC awarded operating grant by Arnold Ventures](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/30/ccrc-awarded-operating-grant-by-arnold-ventures/) - By CCRC Staff | Press Release: Arnold Ventures Awards Grant to the Collateral Consequences Resource Center April 30, 2020 Washington, D.C. — The Collateral Consequences Resource Center (CCRC) is pleased to announce the award of an operating grant of $200,000 from Arnold Ventures. The grant will support our program of research and technical assistance on restoration of rights and
- [Organizations call on Congress to remove record-related barriers to small business relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/10/advocacy-groups-call-on-congress-to-remove-record-related-barriers-to-small-business-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | A bipartisan group of civil rights, advocacy, and business organizations, including CCRC, are calling on Congress to take immediate action to remove barriers based on arrest or conviction history for small business owners seeking COVID-19 federal relief. This is an issue we have been covering in depth in recent posts. This call to action—available in
- [Bipartisan coalition calls on SBA to roll back record-related restrictions in COVID-19 small business loan programs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/18/bipartisan-coalition-calls-on-sba-to-roll-back-record-related-restrictions-in-covid-19-small-business-loan-programs/) - By CCRC Staff | On April 17 a diverse bipartisan group of civil rights, advocacy, and business organizations, including CCRC, sent a letter to Treasury Secretary Mnuchin and SBA Administrator Carranza expressing concern over the restrictions imposed by the SBA on people with a record of arrest or conviction under two programs recently authorized by Congress in response to the
- [Prosecutors' role in deciding how long people stay in prison](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/15/prosecutors-role-in-deciding-how-long-people-stay-in-prison/) - By CCRC Staff | A timely new article from CCRC board member Nora V. Demleitner, law professor at Washington and Lee University, considers the central role of prosecutors in determining who goes to jail and prison and how long they stay there. Demleitner reviews—as a "case study of prosecutorial authority"—prosecutors' actions to reduce confined populations during the COVID-19 crisis.
- [Federal judge certifies class for landmark Florida felony voting trial](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/09/federal-judge-certifies-class-for-landmark-florida-felony-voting-trial/) - By David Schlussel | The monumental felony voting rights case in Florida moves another step forward, expanding in scope. On Tuesday, the federal trial judge overseeing the case certified a class of all persons who have served sentences for felony convictions, who would be eligible to vote in Florida but for unpaid court debt. With the trial scheduled to
- [11th Circuit upholds voting rights for Floridians unable to pay fines and fees](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/20/11th-circuit-upholds-voting-rights-for-floridians-unable-to-pay-fines-and-fees/) - By David Schlussel | *Update (3/31/20): the Eleventh Circuit has denied Florida's petition for rehearing en banc. A decision yesterday from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit is a major victory for voting rights and criminal justice reform advocates. It has the potential to dramatically expand access to the ballot for people with felony convictions in Florida. The
- [The Marshall Project reports on criminal history barriers to small business relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/08/the-marshall-project-reports-on-criminal-history-barriers-to-small-business-relief/) - By CCRC Staff | In the past two weeks we have written at length about the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA)'s "bumpy guidance on criminal history requirements" for small business financial relief during the COVID-19 pandemic (see also "Applying for an SBA loan with a criminal record"). Today, Eli Hager of The Marshall Project has picked up the story
- [11th Circuit declines to rehear decision upholding felony voting rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/04/01/11th-circuit-declines-to-rehear-decision-upholding-felony-voting-rights/) - By David Schlussel | Yesterday, the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit denied Florida's petition to rehear en banc a decision from a three-judge panel, which held on Feb. 19 that Florida may not deny the vote to people with felony convictions who have otherwise served their sentences, but may have outstanding court debt that they
- [Will restrictions on banking jobs be relaxed for people with a record?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/03/25/will-restrictions-on-bank-jobs-be-relaxed-for-people-with-a-record/) - By Margaret | More than two dozen organizations dedicated to improving employment opportunities for people with a criminal record have written to the FDIC urging that it give regulated financial institutions greater latitude to hire qualified people without having to ask the FDIC's permission. The occasion is the FDIC's proposal to reduce to a formal rule its longstanding
- [COVID-19: State-by-state resources on how to use the pardon power](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/03/24/covid-19-state-by-state-resources-on-how-to-use-the-pardon-power/) - By Margaret | At this time of pandemic, we have been following the discussions of how jail, prison, and immigration detention conditions are highly concerning, including the very useful collection of links provided by Professor Doug Berman, the demands published by advocacy organizations, and the collection of policy responses by the Prison Policy Initiative. We agree that every
- [CCRC reports on criminal record reforms in 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/17/ccrc-publishes-report-on-criminal-record-reforms-enacted-in-2019/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to publish our annual report on criminal record reforms enacted during the past calendar year. This is the fourth in a series of reports since 2016 on new laws aimed at avoiding or mitigating the collateral consequences of arrest and conviction. This year we have included for the first time a Report Card grading the progress of the most (and least) productive
- [New 2019 laws reduce workplace barriers for people with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/04/new-2019-laws-restore-voting-rights-in-11-states/) - By Margaret | This is the second in a series of comments describing some of the 153 laws passed in 2019 restoring rights or delivering record relief. The full report on 2019 laws is available here. Consideration of criminal record in occupational licensing and employment In 2019, 26 states and the federal government enacted 42 separate laws limiting
- [New 2019 laws on diversion and other non-conviction dispositions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/07/new-2019-laws-on-diversion-and-other-non-conviction-dispositions/) - By Margaret | This comment on new laws authorizing non-conviction dispositions is the fourth in a series of comments describing some of the 153 laws passed in 2019 restoring rights or delivering record relief. The full report on 2019 laws is available here. Diversionary and other non-conviction dispositions In 2019, 18 states enacted 26 laws creating, expanding, reorganizing,
- [Record-breaking number of new expungement laws enacted in 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/06/new-2019-laws-authorize-expungement-other-record-relief/) - By David Schlussel | This is the third in a series of comments describing some of the 153 laws passed in 2019 restoring rights or delivering record relief. The full report on 2019 laws is available here. Criminal record relief (expungement, sealing, set aside) As in past years, the reform measure most frequently enacted in 2019 was record relief,
- [New 2019 laws restore voting rights in 11 states](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/01/22/new-2019-laws-restore-voting-rights-in-11-states-2/) - By Margaret | This is the first in a series of comments describing some of the 153 laws passed in 2019 restoring rights or delivering record relief in various ways. The full report on 2019 laws is available here. Restoration of Civil Rights Voting In 2019, eleven states took steps to restore the right to vote and to
- [Automatic expungement falls short in Canada](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/03/05/automatic-expungement-legislation-in-canada/) - By CCRC Staff | The John Howard Society of Canada has a new post about a failed piece of Canadian legislation that would have provided automatic expungement of criminal records in that country. The post describes the effort to remedy the shortcomings of the current "one-at-a-time" record-clearing system, which it says is expensive (more than $600 to apply), bureaucratic, and
- [New Jersey steps out as Reintegration Champion of 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/27/new-jersey-steps-out-as-reintegration-champion-of-2019/) - By Kathryn Forkey | Editors’ note: CCRC recently released its report on 2019 criminal record reforms, which recognized New Jersey as the “Reintegration Champion” of 2019, for having the most consequential legislative record of any state in the past year. The following comment describes New Jersey’s laws enacted in 2019. New Jersey’s various restoration of rights laws are further
- [Report Card: Grading states on 2019 record reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/25/report-card-grading-2019-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | The following is an excerpt from our recent annual report on legislative reforms, Pathways to Reintegration: Criminal Record Reforms in 2019. Report Card For the first time this year we have prepared a “Report Card” on how state legislatures performed in 2019 in advancing the goals of reintegration. We have not covered all states, only
- [UPDATED: 50-State Chart on Relief from Sex Offender Registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/11/21/updated-50-state-chart-on-relief-from-sex-offender-registration/) - By CCRC Staff | We have completed an overhaul of our 50-State chart on relief from sex offender registration obligations, to bring it up to date and ensure that it is thorough and accurate. This chart documents the duration of sex offender registration requirements, as well as legal mechanisms for early termination from such requirements. In conducting this review, we
- [New 2019 laws on immigration consequences and driver's license suspension](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2020/02/10/new-2019-laws-avoiding-immigration-consequences-and-ending-drivers-license-revocation/) - By Margaret | This is the fifth and final comment on new 2019 laws restoring rights or delivering record relief. The laws included cover immigration consequences, driver's licenses, pardon procedures, and several miscellaneous topics. The full report on 2019 laws is available here. Immigration consequences In 2019, four states took steps enabling non-citizens charged with offenses to avoid
- [CCRC urges Supreme Court to reverse Iowa expungement decision](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/09/10/ccrc-urges-supreme-court-to-review-and-reverse-iowa-expungement-decision/) - By CCRC Staff | *Update 2: On November 25, 2019, the Supreme Court denied the petition. *Update (11/1/2019): On September 23, 2019, the Supreme Court asked Iowa to respond to the cert petition. Iowa's response is here. The petitioner's reply is here. On September 9, we filed an amicus brief at the U.S. Supreme Court urging the justices to
- [New restoration laws take center stage in second quarter of 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/07/09/new-restoration-laws-take-center-stage-in-second-quarter-of-2019/) - By CCRC Staff | State legislatures across the country are moving quickly and creatively to repair some of the damage done by the War on Crime, which left a third of the adult U.S. population with a criminal record. In the second quarter of 2019, 26 states have enacted an eye-popping total of 78 separate new laws aimed at addressing
- [Fair Chance Act advances in Congress](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/12/16/fair-chance-act-advances-in-congress/) - By CCRC Staff | NOTE: The Fair Chance Act was signed into law on December 20, 2019, as Public Law 116-92, but its provisions will not take effect for a two-year period after enactment. The Fair Chance to Compete for Jobs Act of 2019 passed the House on December 11 and the Senate on December 17 with bipartisan support,
- [Starr and Prescott publish groundbreaking empirical study of expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/19/starr-and-prescott-publish-groundbreaking-empirical-study-of-expungement/) - By CCRC Staff | Professors Sonja B. Starr and J.J. Prescott of Michigan Law School have released the first-ever broad-based empirical study of the effects of a state law limiting public access to criminal records. CCRC's reports have noted the lack of empirical research to inform policies aimed at promoting reentry and reintegration for people with a criminal record—something this study of
- [Legislative update: third quarter 2019 sees more new licensing and expungement laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/10/11/legislative-update-third-quarter-2019-sees-more-new-licensing-and-expungement-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | In July we reported on the extraordinary number of new laws enacted in the first half of 2019 aimed at restoring rights and status after arrest and conviction. A total of 97 separate pieces of legislation, some covering multiple topics, were enacted by 38 states and many broke new ground in their jurisdictions. Moreover, clear trends
- [Ohio governor establishes expedited pardon process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/12/09/ohio-governor-establishes-expedited-pardon-process/) - By CCRC Staff | On December 3, Governor Mike DeWine announced an initiative that promises to revive the pardon power in Ohio and bring much-needed relief from collateral consequences to many hundreds of deserving individuals convicted over the years in that state. The Expedited Pardon Project, a collaboration between the Governor's Office and the Drug Enforcement Policy Center at
- [Broken records: criminal history errors cost jobs and housing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/12/20/broken-records-criminal-history-errors-jobs-and-housing/) - By David Schlussel | Ariel Nelson of the National Consumer Law Center has authored an important new report, Broken Records Redux, which describes how errors by criminal background check companies harm consumers seeking jobs and housing. In particular, the report shows how background screeners continue to include sealed and expunged records in criminal background check reports, omit disposition information, misclassify
- [Model law proposes automatic expungement of non-conviction records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/12/11/model-law-proposes-automatic-expungement-of-non-conviction-records/) - By CCRC Staff | An advisory group drawn from across the criminal justice system has completed work on a model law that recommends automatic expungement of most arrests and charges that do not result in conviction. Margaret Love and David Schlussel of the Collateral Consequences Resource Center served as reporters for the model law. It is available in PDF and
- ["High Time for Marijuana Expungement"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/27/high-time-for-marijuana-expungement/) - By Alana E. Rosen | Any state that legalizes or decriminalizes marijuana should automatically include an expungement provision that clears the criminal record of individuals who engaged in activities deemed lawful under the new legalization or decriminalization laws. This is the thesis of my new article, “High Time for Criminal Justice Reform: Marijuana Expungement Statutes in States with Legalized or
- [Algorithms, Race, and Reentry: A Review of Sandra G. Mayson’s Bias In, Bias Out](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/11/05/algorithms-race-and-reentry-a-review-of-sandra-g-maysons-bias-in-bias-out/) - By Kallie Klein | In true Minority Report fashion, state actors are increasingly relying on algorithms to assess the risk a person will commit a future crime. Unlike Minority Report, these algorithms simply estimate the likelihood of rearrests; they do not offer the absolute answer to future criminal behavior that condemned the defendant, Tom Cruise, in the 2002 action
- [Association of Prosecuting Attorneys joins Restoration of Rights Project as partner](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/10/28/association-of-prosecuting-attorneys-joins-restoration-of-rights-project-as-partner/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is pleased to announce that the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys (APA) has joined as a partner in our Restoration of Rights Project (RRP). The APA is a membership organization of elected and appointed prosecutors whose mission is to provide training and technical assistance to prosecutors in the United States, and
- [California poised to become third state to adopt “clean slate” record relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/10/03/california-poised-to-be-third-state-to-enact-a-clean-slate-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On September 23, the California legislature sent AB 1076 to California Governor Gavin Newsom, who has until October 13 to sign or veto this potentially transformative legislation. If enacted, AB 1076 would make California the third state (after Pennsylvania (2018) and Utah (2019)) to authorize "clean slate" record relief, a direction to authorities to seal certain arrest
- [Two Southern states enact impressive occupational licensing reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/09/18/two-southern-states-enact-impressive-occupational-licensing-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | The 2019 legislative session saw two Southern states enact impressive new laws limiting the ability of occupational licensing boards to exclude qualified applicants based on their criminal record. North Carolina and Mississippi each passed strong new substantive and procedural licensing rules, and both of the new laws show the influence of the Model Law developed
- [CCRC's top 10 posts and most popular tweets of 2018](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/12/31/ccrcs-top-10-posts-and-most-popular-tweets-of-2018/) - By CCRC Staff | Happy New Year! Thank you so much for spending time with us this year on our tools, news, and commentary. In 2018, visitors most frequently utilized the resources in our Restoration of Rights Project: a state-by-state and federal guide to pardons, sealing & expungement, loss & restoration of civil rights and firearms rights, and consideration
- [CCRC opposes rule requiring federal job seekers to disclose some non-conviction records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/18/ccrc-opposes-requiring-federal-job-seekers-to-disclose-some-non-conviction-records/) - By CCRC Staff | In March, we described a proposed federal rule that would expand the types of criminal records that must be disclosed by applicants seeking federal jobs and contracting work. Specifically, OPM proposes for the first time to require individuals applying for federal employment or contracts to disclose whether they have participated in pretrial diversion programs in the last
- [Pardons for immigrants: legal, legitimate, and long overdue](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/07/pardons-for-immigrants-legal-legitimate-and-long-overdue/) - By Jason Cade | In the past year, California Governor Jerry Brown and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo made generous use of their power to pardon state crimes committed by noncitizens, reinvigorating a much-neglected means by which long-term residents may stave off conviction-based deportation. The personal stories of the individuals who benefited from the Brown and Cuomo pardons no
- [Florida gov asks state court to resolve felony voting dispute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/08/15/florida-gov-asks-state-court-to-resolve-felony-voting-restoration-dispute/) - By David Schlussel | Florida Governor Ron DeSantis has opened up a new front in the legal battle in Florida over voting rights for people with felony convictions. DeSantis is asking the state supreme court for an opinion on whether Amendment 4, passed by Florida voters in 2018, restores the vote for people with outstanding court-ordered fines and fees. DeSantis
- [Appeals court invalidates EEOC criminal record guidance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/08/07/appeals-court-invalidates-eeoc-criminal-record-guidance/) - By CCRC Staff | On August 6, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals invalidated the EEOC's 2012 Enforcement Guidance on "Consideration of Arrest and Conviction Records in Employment Decisions under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." See Texas v. EEOC, No. 18-10638 (August 6, 2019). Among other things, the Guidance prohibits consideration of blanket bans on
- [CCRC scholarship round-up - August 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/08/07/ccrc-scholarship-round-up-august-2019/) - By Alessandro Corda | Editor's note: This past year has seen a burgeoning of scholarship dealing with collateral consequences broadly defined, from lawyers, social scientists, and philosophers. CCRC's good friend Alessandro Corda has selected fifteen notable articles published in 2018-19, with information, links, and abstracts. They are organized into five categories: (1) Legal collateral consequences (2) Collateral consequences and criminal
- [Diversion pleas qualify as convictions under federal background check law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/07/22/diversion-pleas-qualify-as-convictions-under-federal-background-check-law/) - By CCRC Staff | The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) prohibits companies engaged in criminal background screening from reporting records of arrests that are more than seven years old. But since the 1990's, there has been no time limit on reporting "records of convictions of crimes." See 15 U.S.C. § 1681c(a)(2) and (5). It might reasonably be assumed that
- [Commercializing criminal records and the privatization of punishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/07/12/commercializing-criminal-records-and-the-privatization-of-punishment/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | The deeply ingrained, indeed, constitutionally protected, U.S. tradition of the public trial and public records has led to a system where there are few restrictions on public access to criminal record information. Europe, by contrast, is more willing to limit the press in service of important goals such as reintegration of people with convictions. Alessandro
- ["Wealth-based penal disenfranchisement"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/07/01/wealth-based-penal-disenfranchisement-2/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of a study by UCLA law professor Beth Colgan, published in the Vanderbilt Law Review, in which she documents how every state that disenfranchises people based upon criminal conviction also conditions restoration of the vote for at least some people upon their ability to pay. In some states this is because
- [Colorado limits immigration consequences of a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/07/02/colorado-limits-immigration-consequences-of-a-criminal-record/) - By Kelly Cunningham | Colorado joins other states this session that passed legislation to avoid federal immigration consequences of state criminal matters. The new Colorado laws—SB 30 and HB 1148—work at different stages of criminal proceedings to protect people from possible deportation: SB 30 remedies past wrongs by vacating unconstitutional guilty pleas, and SB 1148 will prevent future deportations
- [CCRC to hold roundtable on criminal records at U. Michigan Law School](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/06/28/ccrc-to-hold-roundtable-on-criminal-records-at-michigan-law-school/) - By CCRC Staff | We are pleased to announce that we are convening a roundtable meeting in August 2019, hosted by the University of Michigan Law School, to develop a model law on access to and use of criminal records, specifically in cases that do not result in a conviction. In March, we began a major study of the
- [CCRC launches major study of non-conviction records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/11/ccrc-launches-major-study-of-non-conviction-records/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC is pleased to announce that we are undertaking a major study of the public availability and use of non-conviction records – including arrests that are never charged, charges that are dismissed, deferred and diversionary dispositions, and acquittals. Law enforcement agencies and courts frequently make these records available to the public allowing widespread dissemination on
- [Iowa high court holds indigent attorney fees bar expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/05/22/iowa-high-court-holds-indigent-attorney-fees-bar-expungement/) - By CCRC Staff | On May 10, the Iowa Supreme Court rejected an equal protection challenge to a requirement in Iowa law that applicants for expungement (sealing) of non-conviction records must first repay what they owe in court-appointed counsel fees. This surprising decision strikes us as unfair on several levels, and out of step with what most other states
- [“Invisible Stripes: The Problem of Youth Criminal Records"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/06/08/invisible-stripes-the-problem-of-youth-criminal-records/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of a paper by Professor Judith McMullen of Marquette University Law School. Professor McMullen points out that “the efforts of today’s young people to ‘go straight’ are hampered by nearly unlimited online access to records of even the briefest of encounters with law enforcement, even if those encounters did not result in conviction."
- [NY judge rules police need court order to access sealed arrests](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/05/07/ny-judge-rules-police-need-court-order-to-access-sealed-arrests/) - By Avinash Samarth | Last Tuesday, a New York court found that the New York Police Department’s routine use and disclosure of sealed arrest information violates the state’s sealing statute. The case, R.C. v. City of New York, concerns plaintiffs whose information the NYPD used or disclosed after their arrests terminated favorably in dismissals or acquittals, after prosecutors declined
- [Administration withdraws proposal to require federal job-seekers to disclose diversions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/05/30/administration-withdraws-proposal-for-federal-job-seekers-to-disclose-diversions/) - By CCRC Staff | The Washington Post reports that the White House has directed the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to drop its proposal to expand the types of criminal records that must be disclosed by applicants seeking federal jobs and contracting work. OPM's proposal, which we described in March, would have required applicants for federal jobs and contracting work to disclose
- [Should potentially severe collateral consequences trigger enhanced procedural protections?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/05/24/should-potentially-severe-collateral-consequences-trigger-enhanced-procedural-protections/) - By CCRC Staff | In two recent law review articles, Professor Paul T. Crane of the University of Richmond School of Law proposes that courts and legislators—when deciding whether a criminal defendant is entitled to a particular procedural right—should take into account potential exposure to severe collateral consequences. The two articles together mark a major contribution to the literature.
- [Administration wants federal job seekers to disclose participation in diversion](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/15/administration-wants-federal-job-seekers-to-disclose-participation-in-diversion/) - By David Schlussel | A proposed federal rule, now open for public comment, would expand the types of criminal records that must be disclosed by applicants seeking federal jobs and contracting work. On February 22, 2019, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) proposed a new rule to modify its “Declaration for Federal Employment” form (OF–306)—used by federal agencies in
- [Bumper crop of new expungement laws expected in 2019](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/09/bumper-crop-of-new-expungement-laws-so-far-in-2019/) - By CCRC Staff | Earlier this year we reported that, in 2018, legislatures enacted an unprecedented number of new laws aimed at restoring rights and opportunities for people with a criminal record. (Last year 32 states, D.C., and the U.S. Virgin Islands enacted 61 new laws to facilitate reentry and reintegration.) The first quarter of 2019 has already produced a baker's
- [California enacts modest occupational licensing reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/11/02/california-enacts-modest-occupational-licensing-reform/) - By David Schlussel | On September 30, 2018, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 2138, making California the twelfth state this year to enact occupational licensing reform. This flurry of legislation will make it easier for people with a criminal record to obtain occupational and professional licenses. (As discussed in recent posts, the Institute for Justice’s model
- [Abusing the pardon power is no joke](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/25/abusing-the-pardon-power-is-no-joke/) - By CCRC Staff | In the past we have commented in this space on constructive uses of the presidential pardon power, to reduce prison sentences and restore rights. Today we reprint an op ed from Slate.com describing a recent episode allegedly involving its abuse, by Yale Law School Professor Eugene Fidell and CCRC Executive Director Margaret Love. In addition, several
- [Marijuana reformers schedule National Expungement Week](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/22/marijuana-reformers-schedule-national-expungement-week/) - By CCRC Staff | Adam Vine of Cage-Free Cannabis & Cage-Free Repair has asked us to let visitors to our site know about a series of events this fall promoting expungement and other forms of relief from collateral consequences. They are available to assist in plannig local events during National Expungement Week, including but not limited to events aimed at
- [Searchable on-line inventories of collateral consequences: How they operate and how they are maintained](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/12/on-line-collateral-consequences-inventories/) - By CCRC Staff | There are currently only three on-line collections of collateral consequences, one national and two state-specific (Ohio and North Carolina). All three can be searched and sorted, and all three are regularly updated, making them indispensable practice tools for lawyers and essential guides for advocates and people with a criminal record. Each of these inventories is
- [Symposium on felony disenfranchisement set for Friday in Missouri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/10/symposium-on-felony-disenfranchisement-set-for-friday-in-missouri/) - By CCRC Staff | On Friday, April 12, a day-long symposium on felony disenfranchisement will be held at the University of Missouri in Columbia, MO. The event, hosted by the Missouri Law Review and Kinder Institute on Constitutional Democracy, is open to the public. Three panels of scholars will address: (1) the historical origins of conviction-based disenfranchisement and its consequences for democracy—featuring CCRC
- ["Third-Class Citizenship" for people with a "violent" record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/11/third-class-citizenship-for-people-with-a-violent-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Professor Michael M. O’Hear of Marquette University Law School has an important new article titled "Third-Class Citizenship: The Escalating Legal Consequences of Committing a 'Violent' Crime." This marks the first effort to systematically study the full legal consequences of a "violent" criminal charge or conviction, including the collateral consequences that uniquely apply to violent crimes. O’Hear
- [PA high court will again review sex offender registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/09/pa-high-court-will-again-review-sex-offender-registration/) - By Aaron J. Marcus | Two years ago, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court shook up long-settled orthodoxy by ruling that the state’s sex offender registration law, otherwise known as SORNA (Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act) was punishment. The case, Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189 (Pa. 2018), presented the Court with two questions: whether people who committed their crimes before the
- [New book argues collateral consequences can't be justified](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/08/new-book-argues-collateral-consequences-cant-be-justified/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | University of Nottingham philosophy professor Zachary Hoskins has written an important new book about “collateral legal consequences” (CLCs), just published by Oxford University Press. Beyond Punishment? A Normative Account of the Collateral Legal Consequences of Conviction engages cases and statutes from the United States and other countries, but it is primarily a philosophical interrogation of the
- [PA's new pardon chief was just pardoned himself](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/04/08/pas-new-pardon-chief-was-just-pardoned-himself/) - By CCRC Staff | Freed from prison nine years ago, Brandon Flood is new secretary of Pa.’s pardon board Philadelphia Inquirer, April 7, 2019 by Will Bunch This column will probably come as something of a shock to all the people in Harrisburg who only know Brandon Flood – a bow-tied, bespectacled policy wonk with sartorial flair – as the
- [Updated report on 2018 fair chance and expungement reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/28/updated-report-on-2018-fair-chance-and-expungement-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | On January 10, 2019, we released a report documenting the extraordinary number of laws passed in 2018 aimed at reducing barriers to successful reintegration for individuals with a criminal record. Since that time, we discovered five additional laws enacted in 2018 (in AL, PA, OR, MO, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), and have updated our report accordingly.
- [Press release: New report on 2018 fair chance and expungement reforms (updated)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/10/press-release-new-report-on-2018-fair-chance-and-expungement-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | Washington, D.C. — The Collateral Consequences Resource Center (CCRC) has released a new report documenting the extraordinary number of laws passed in 2018 aimed at reducing barriers to successful reintegration for individuals with a criminal record. In the past twelve months, 32 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have enacted 61 new
- [New drug policy center blends scholarship and public engagement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/25/new-drug-policy-center-blends-scholarship-and-public-engagement/) - By CCRC Staff | The Drug Enforcement and Policy Center (DEPC), which is housed at the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law, focuses on promoting and supporting interdisciplinary, evidence-based research, scholarship, education, community outreach and public engagement on the myriad issues and societal impacts surrounding the reform of criminal and civil laws prohibiting or regulating the use and
- [PA prepares to implement clean slate](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/14/pa-prepares-to-implement-clean-slate/) - By CCRC Staff | Community Legal Services of Philadelphia (CLS), with the leadership of Sharon M. Dietrich, has issued a report on the progress made towards implementing Pennsylvania's Clean Slate Act. (See our post describing this ground-breaking law when it was enacted last June.) Notably, the state is "on target" to start automated sealing of criminal records by the onset date
- [WA lifetime ban on childcare work held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/04/wa-lifetime-ban-on-childcare-work-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | On February 21, 2019, the Washington State Supreme Court declared that a state regulation imposing a lifetime ban from ever obtaining a childcare license, or having unsupervised access to children in childcare, is unconstitutional as applied to Chrystal Fields. The lifetime ban was triggered by Ms. Fields’ 1988 attempted second degree robbery conviction for trying
- [Sex offender registration litigation: punishment and free speech](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/02/15/sex-offender-registration-litigation-punishment-and-free-speech/) - By CCRC Staff | In the past week, there were two notable developments regarding the constitutionality of state sex offender registration schemes. First, as noted by Douglas A. Berman at Sentencing Law and Policy, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel filed highly significant amicus briefs in two Michigan Supreme Court cases, "arguing that Michigan’s sex offender registration and notification requirements are
- [Lawsuit challenges Pennsylvania bar to nursing home employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/01/lawsuit-challenges-again-pennsylvania-bar-to-nursing-home-employment/) - By CCRC Staff | An effective NPR piece tells the story of Tyrone Peake, a Pennsylvania man whose 1981 conviction for attempted theft barred him from employment as a caregiver in a nursing home, despite training and certification that qualified him for the job. The state law making people with a felony record absolutely ineligible for employment in any health
- [Living with a marijuana conviction after legalization (updated)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/03/03/living-with-a-marijuana-conviction-after-legalization-updated/) - By David Schlussel | Jacob Sullum, senior editor at Reason, has written a fabulous article about expungement of marijuana convictions in places that have since legalized marijuana: so far 10 states, DC, and the Northern Mariana Islands have legalized. The piece is now available to the public at this link: http://reason.com/archives/2019/03/01/the-lingering-stench-of-mariju Sullum tells the stories of eleven individuals, from the jurisdictions that have legalized,
- [Living with a marijuana conviction after legalization (updated)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/01/22/living-with-a-marijuana-conviction-after-legalization/) - By David Schlussel | Jacob Sullum, senior editor at Reason, has written a fabulous article about expungement of marijuana convictions in places that have since legalized marijuana: so far 10 states, DC, and the Northern Mariana Islands have legalized. The piece is currently available to Reason subscribers and will be available to the public in the coming weeks (we will update this
- [UK Supreme Court issues major ruling on employer access to criminal records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/02/20/uk-supreme-court-issues-major-ruling-on-employer-access-to-criminal-records/) - By David Schlussel | On January 30, 2019, the UK Supreme Court issued a significant decision largely upholding the UK's categorical rules for when criminal records are disclosed to employers, but declaring two key rules incompatible with privacy rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. The first rule in question, the so-called multiple conviction rule, automatically requires people who have
- [“Executive Clemency in the United States”](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/02/05/executive-clemency-in-the-united-states/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of CCRC Executive Director Margaret Love's new article for the Oxford Research Encyclopedia. The article describes the historic role played by the executive pardon power in reducing punishments (including collateral ones) and explains clemency’s diminished vitality and reliability in modern times in most states and in the federal system. Love concludes
- [Federal farm bill legalizes hemp, but bars participation based on criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/31/federal-farm-bill-legalizes-hemp-but-bars-participation-based-on-criminal-record/) - By David Schlussel | In the past six years, almost every state has taken at least some steps to chip away at the negative effects of a criminal record on a person’s ability to achieve employment, housing, education and public benefits, and participation in civil society. In stark contrast, Congress has not dealt with the problem of reintegration for
- ["Wealth-Based Penal Disenfranchisement"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/21/wealth-based-penal-disenfranchisement/) - By CCRC Staff | This is the title of an important new article by Professor Beth Colgan, forthcoming in the Vanderbilt Law Review, in which she documents how inability to pay economic sanctions associated with a criminal conviction (such as fines, fees and restitution) results in continuing disenfranchisement nationwide. While the law in almost every state now restores the
- [Lawsuit challenges PA good-character requirement for cosmetologists](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/12/21/lawsuit-challenges-pa-good-character-requirement-for-cosmetologists/) - By David Schlussel | The Institute for Justice has filed a lawsuit on behalf of two women who were denied a license by the Pennsylvania Board of Cosmetology based on their criminal record, because they could not establish the necessary "good moral character." The IJ lawsuit illustrates the continuing difficulties faced by people with a past conviction in the
- [New edition of collateral consequences treatise now available](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/09/new-edition-of-collateral-consequences-treatise-now-available/) - By CCRC Staff | The 2018-2019 edition of the West/NACDL treatise on collateral consequences is now available for purchase, at a publisher's promotional discount. Wayne A. Logan has joined Margaret Love and Jenny Roberts as a co-author of this comprehensive resource: Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction: Law, Policy & Practice. This third edition of the treatise has been entirely updated,
- [CCRC seeking lawyer to work on Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/12/10/ccrc-seeking-lawyer-to-work-on-restoration-of-rights-project/) - By Margaret | The CCRC is seeking a lawyer to join its staff to work primarily on the Restoration of Rights Project (RRP). The primary duties of the RRP Legal Analyst, as described in the position description below, involve collecting and analyzing the law and practice in each U.S. jurisdiction relating to restoration of rights; and, updating the on-line
- [Collateral Consequences in Occupational Licensing Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/29/collateral-consequences-in-occupational-licensing-act/) - By Margaret | We've noted in recent posts the numerous states that, just in the past three or four months, have enacted broad occupational licensing reforms affecting people with a criminal record. Many of these new laws have been influenced by a model developed by the Institute for Justice (IJ), a libertarian public interest law firm that has
- [Comparison of collateral consequences in Europe and the U.S.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/11/09/comparison-of-collateral-consequences-in-europe-and-the-u-s/) - By CCRC Staff | Alessandro Corda has a new article that compares the treatment of regulatory collateral consequences in the United States and in European legal systems. He argues that the primary difference is that in Europe proportionality is central to punishment schemes, and that sentencing courts must consider the impact of all combined sanctions on the defendant, including collateral
- [David Schlussel joins CCRC as its first Fellow](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/11/02/david-schlussel-joins-ccrc-as-fellow/) - By Margaret | I am delighted to announce that David Schlussel will join CCRC as its first Fellow at the end of this month. Most recently, David served as a law clerk for the Honorable David O. Carter on the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. While attending law school at Berkeley, David represented clients in
- [Marijuana decriminalization drives expungement reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/10/29/marijuana-decriminalization-drives-expungement-reform/) - By Margaret | The national trend toward expanding opportunities for restoration of rights after conviction has continued to accelerate throughout 2018. By our count, so far this year alone 31 states have broadened existing second chance laws or enacted entirely new ones, enhancing the prospects for successful reentry and reintegration for many thousands of Americans. On November 6, Florida
- [Automated sealing nears enactment in Pennsylvania](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/25/automatic-sealing-nears-enactment-in-pennsylvania/) - By Margaret | [NOTE: On June 30, HR 1419 was signed into law as Act 56. Its provisions have been incorporated into the Pennsylvania profile of the Restoration of Rights Project.] On Friday June 22, the Pennsylvania legislature took its final step toward passage of the so-called Clean Slate Act of 2018, delivering to Governor Wolf a bill
- [NJ AG tells prosecutors collateral consequences may determine which marijuana violations to pursue](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/09/14/nj-ag-tells-prosecutors-collateral-consequences-may-determine-which-marijuana-violations-to-pursue/) - By Brian Murray | New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal recently issued new Guidance reminding municipal prosecutors that they cannot categorically refuse to prosecute marijuana cases while the Legislature is considering proposals relating to decriminalization. That said, the guidance reminds prosecutors that they have considerable discretion when deciding which maijuana cases to pursue. While this advice is fairly standard
- [Landmark criminal record disclosure case in the UK Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/19/criminal-record-disclosure-in-the-uk-supreme-court/) - By Alessandro Corda | Court litigation and policy debate revolving around the issue of criminal record disclosure are not unique to the United States. Especially in the United Kingdom, the past few years have witnessed important court decisions on the legal framework in place regulating access to criminal history information and the amount of information that can be obtained
- [Prisoners fighting California fires denied licenses after release](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/08/20/prisoners-fighting-california-fires-denied-licenses-after-release/) - By CCRC Staff | Nick Sibilla, a legislative analyst at the Institute for Justice, has published this fine op ed piece in today's USA Today, describing how the 2,000 state prisoners currently engaged in fighting the largest fire in California history, are barred from obtaining the necessary EMT license that would enable them to continue this work after their
- [Common Application bans the box!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/08/09/common-application-bans-the-box/) - By Alan Rosenthal | On August 7, 2018, the Common Application announced that it is dropping the criminal history question from its college application form starting with 2019-2020 applicants. Currently over 800 colleges and universities use the common application. The criminal history question first appeared on the common application in 2006. Individual colleges who are members of the Common
- [Vermont AG supports opportunities for diversion and expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/08/05/vermont-ag-supports-opportunities-for-diversion-and-expungement/) - By CCRC Staff | Vermont Business Magazine recently showcased the leadership shown by Vermont Attorney General TJ Donovan in criminal justice reform. Most notably, he has streamlined the process for seeking expungement, and increased opportunities to avoid a record entirely through greater use of diversion for less serious offenses. The importance of enabling people to avoid a criminal record altogether
- [NH limits denial of licenses based on criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/10/16794/) - By Margaret | On July 2, 2018, New Hampshire's Governor Sununu signed into law SB 589, making his state the 10th so far in 2018 to approve comprehensive limits on consideration of criminal record in occupational and professional licensing. Like enactments earlier this year in Indiana, Kansas, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, New Hampshire's new law is intended to ensure that people with
- [BU Law Review publishes symposium on misdemeanors](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/06/bu-law-review-publishes-symposium-on-misdemeanors/) - By Eisha Jain | In May 2018 the Boston University Law Review published a symposium titled “Misdemeanor Machinery: The Hidden Heart of the American Criminal Justice System.” Links to the articles, which were presented at a conference held in November 2017, are below. The conference also benefited from presentations by a number of distinguished academics, judges, and policy-makers, including
- [Justice Kennedy’s contributions to sentencing and corrections reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/05/justice-kennedys-contributions-to-sentencing-and-corrections-reform/) - By Margaret | The following post on Justice Kennedy's contributions to sentencing and corrections reform appeared earlier this week on Douglas Berman's Sentencing Law and Policy blog. While it does not involve collateral consequences directly, it seems fitting that CCRC recognize the significant contributions the Justice made to criminal law, notably in his statements off the bench about
- [SC legislature overrides veto to broaden expungement laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/02/sc-legislature-overrides-veto-to-broaden-expungement-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On June 27, the South Carolina legislature took the extraordinary step of overriding Governor McMaster's veto of a bill that expanded eligibility for expungement in several significant (if relatively modest) ways. House Bill 3209 is now law, and will take effect in six months. This is one of the very few times in recent years
- ["Managing Collateral Consequences in the Information Age"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/07/02/managing-collateral-consequences-in-the-information-age/) - By CCRC Staff | "Managing Collateral Consequences in the Information Age" is the title of a symposium issue of the Federal Sentencing Reporter. It is composed of papers prepared for a Roundtable conference on criminal records issues jointly sponsored by the American Law Institute and the National Conference of State Legislatures in January 2018, and associated primary source materials. The
- [NC expands certificate law, taking three steps forward, one step back](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/25/nc-takes-three-steps-forward-one-step-back/) - By CCRC Staff | The states are on a roll in passing new "second chance" legislation. In addition to the extraordinary new Pennsylvania bill on automatic sealing we posted about earlier today, we've just learned that the North Carolina legislature has approved a bill modifying eligibility for judicial Certificates of Relief. Certificates, which are available from the sentencing court
- [Justice Gorsuch on collateral consequences and due process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/21/justice-gorsuch-on-collateral-consequences-and-due-process/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | In Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), Justice Gorsuch provided the essential fifth vote to affirm a finding that the “residual clause” of the Armed Career Criminal Act was too vague to be applied in a deportation case. The residual clause defined a “crime of violence” as including “any other offense that is
- [More states enact major "second chance" reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/11/three-more-states-enact-major-second-chance-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | In recent weeks, three more states -- Colorado, Louisiana and Vermont -- have enacted laws intended to make it easier for people with a criminal record to find and keep employment, or otherwise to regain rights and status. We are just now noting Wyoming's enactment in March 2018 of general standards for professional and occupational
- [“Challenging the Punitiveness of 'New-Generation' SORN Laws“](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/08/challenging-the-punitiveness-of-new-generation-sorn-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | Wayne Logan has a terrific new article on the recent challenges to sex offender registration and notification laws, forthcoming in the New Criminal Law Review. Here is the abstract: Sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws have been in effect nationwide since the 1990s, and publicly available registries today contain information on hundreds of thousands
- [Civil death lives!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/07/civil-death-lives/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | The first and foremost collateral consequence in Colonial America was civil death; based on the grim fact that felonies were punished by execution, upon conviction, the law began to wrap up the convict’s affairs. As the law developed, capital punishment ceased to be the default punishment, and civil death was seen as too harsh for
- [NJ high court bars retroactive application of Megan’s Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/06/02/nj-high-court-bars-retroactive-application-of-megans-act-amendments/) - By CCRC Staff | The New Jersey Supreme Court on Wednesday held 2014 amendments to Megan’s Law enhancing certain penalties for sex offenders who violate parole requirements unenforceable against four defendants based on the ex post facto clauses of both the state and federal constitutions. The court, in a unanimous ruling, vacated the convictions and sentences of four paroled
- [President Trump supports opportunities for people with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/05/22/president-trump-supports-opportunities-for-people-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | In an editorial published on May 21, the New York Times commended President Trump for remarks at a White House conference on prison reform last week, in which he expressed support for improved employment opportunities for people with a criminal record: "A friend of mine told me that when people get out of prison, they’re
- [Kansas most recent state to revise occupational licensing law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/05/11/kansas-the-most-recent-state-to-revise-its-occupational-licensing-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On May 10, Governor Brownback of Kansas signed into law the most recent entrant in the occupational licensing reform sweepstakes, making his state the seventh in the past six weeks to enact substantial progressive legislation. The new law borrows a number of features from the Institute of Justice's model occupational licensing law, including prohibiting consideration
- [Indiana's new expungement law the product of "many, many compromises"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/15/indianas-new-expungement-law-product-many-many-compromises/) - By CCRC Staff | In May of 2013, Indiana Governor Mike Pence signed into law what is possibly the most comprehensive and forward-looking restoration of rights statute ever enacted in this country. Under the new law, courts are empowered to "expunge" most criminal records, after waiting periods keyed to the seriousness of the offense. The effect of an expungement
- [New expungement legislation: Maryland and Oklahoma](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/05/08/new-expungement-legislation-maryland-and-oklahoma/) - By CCRC Staff | The trend toward expanding expungement and sealing laws is continuing. In the last week of April, the governors of Maryland and Oklahoma signed bills enlarging eligibility criteria and reducing waiting periods, joining Florida and Utah with new record-sealing enactments in 2018. The provisions of these two newest laws are described below. Similar legislation is well
- [Appreciating the full consequences of a misdemeanor](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/05/10/appreciating-the-full-consequences-of-a-misdemeanor/) - By Alexandra Natapoff | Misdemeanor punishment is often deemed lenient, especially in the shadow of mass incarceration’s long prison sentences. A typical sentence for a misdemeanor commonly consists of probation and a fine. The full collateral and informal consequences of that misdemeanor, however, will often be far more punitive. Those consequences can include months in jail, either pretrial or
- [More states facilitating licensing for people with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/04/18/more-states-facilitating-licensing-for-people-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week we posted a description of a detailed new Indiana law regulating consideration of conviction in occupational and professional licensure throughout the state. It now appears that this may represent a trend, as eight additional states have either recently enacted or are poised to enact similarly progressive occupational licensing schemes. New general laws regulating licensure are
- [Wisconsin joins crowd of states regulating occupational licensure](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/04/30/wisconsin-joins-crowd-of-states-regulating-occupational-licensure/) - By CCRC Staff | On April 16, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker signed into law Act 278, making his state the sixth in the past two months to establish new rules on consideration of criminal record in the context of occupational and professional licensure. Effective August 1, 2018, licensing boards in Wisconsin will be prohibited in most cases from denying or revoking
- [Two more states regulate consideration of conviction in occupational licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/04/25/two-more-states-regulate-conviction-in-occupational-licensing/) - By CCRC Staff | Tennessee and Nebraska are the two most recent states to enact laws regulating how a criminal record will be considered in occupational licensing. Nebraska's Occupational Board Reform Act (LB 299) was approved by Governor Pete Ricketts on Appril 23, and Tennessee's Fresh Start Act (SB 2465) was signed into law by Governor Bill Haslam on the same
- [Bail or (collateral) consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/04/23/bail-or-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | April Camara of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA) writes as a guest blogger about how the availability of bail may determine whether an individual is adversely affected by collateral consequences: The Prison Policy Initiative recently reported that the explosive growth in jail populations since the 1980s is predominantly the result of jailing
- [First crop of restoration laws enacted in 2018](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/03/30/first-crop-of-restoration-laws-enacted-in-2018/) - By CCRC Staff | In 2017, state legislatures produced a bumper crop of laws restoring rights and opportunities, with 24 separate states enacting new legal mechanisms to facilitate reentry and reintegration. Based on pending bills and laws already enacted this year, 2018 promises to be similarly productive. In March, the governors of Florida, Utah and Washington all signed into law
- ["The Scale of Misdemeanor Justice"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/03/27/the-scale-of-misdemeanor-justice/) - By CCRC Staff | There is a growing awareness that the consequences of a misdemeanor arrest or conviction have become exponentially more serious in recent years. We also know that the misdemeanor system is enormous, and that its very size makes it particularly susceptible of abuse. Yet we have very little reliable information about how many people in the
- [Erasing the line between felony and misdemeanor](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/03/21/erasing-the-line-between-felony-and-misdemeanor/) - By CCRC Staff | Two provocative new scholarly articles examine the extent to which the crisp line historically drawn in law between felonies and misdemeanors is becoming increasingly ephemeral. In Informed Misdemeanor Sentencing, Jenny Roberts points out that conviction of a misdemeanor has become exponentially more serious in recent years as the associated collateral consequences have increased in number and
- ["The Juvenile Record Myth"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/03/12/the-juvenile-record-myth/) - By CCRC Staff | A new article in the Georgetown Law Journal exposes the fallacy that delinquency adjudications don't follow juveniles into adulthood, and documents the alarming extent to which records of juvenile delinquency adjudications have become almost as accessible to the public as records of adult convictions. In The Juvenile Record Myth, University of Tennessee Law Professor Joy Radice argues
- [Michigan set-asides found to increase wages and reduce recidivism](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/02/27/michigan-set-asides-found-to-increase-wages-and-reduce-recidivism/) - By CCRC Staff | Preliminary results of an empirical study by two University of Michigan law professors show that setting aside an individual's record of conviction is associated with "a significant increase in employment and average wages," and with a low recidivism rate. We know of only one other similar study, conducted by researchers at the University of California
- [May background screeners lawfully report expunged records?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/02/06/may-background-screeners-lawfully-report-expunged-records/) - By CCRC Staff | The following post, by Sharon Dietrich of Community Legal Services of Philadelphia, addresses the question whether reporting of an expunged or sealed case by a commercial background screener violates the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Sharon is a national authority on FCRA as applied to criminal records, and we are pleased to reprint her analysis below.
- [Florida's vote restoration process held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/02/02/floridas-vote-restoration-process-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | In a strongly-worded opinion, a federal judge has ruled that Florida's method of restoring voting rights to individuals convicted of felonies violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments. In Hand v. Scott, a suit brought by seven individuals either denied restoration of rights by the State Clemency Board or ineligible to apply, U.S. District Judge Mark
- [Michigan sex offender registration law held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2018/01/31/michigan-sex-offender-registration-law-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | On January 24, the Michigan Supreme Court held the state's sex offender registration scheme unconstitutional on due process grounds as applied to one Boban Temelkoski. Temelkoski had pleaded guilty under a youthful offender statute with the expectation that no collateral consequences would attach to the disposition if he successfully completed its conditions. However, several years later
- [Good news, bad news: New York's drug law reform and collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/21/good-bad-news-new-york-drug-law-reform-collateral-consequences/) - By Margaret | The Vera Institute has issued a first-rate assessment of the effect of the Rockefeller drug law reforms in New York City. See End of an Era? The Impact of Drug Law Reform in New York City. The report found that as a result of the reforms far more people were diverted out of the
- [New report:  Roundup of 2017 expungement and restoration laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/12/14/new-report-roundup-of-2017-expungement-and-restoration-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | A new report from the Collateral Consequences Resource Center shows that states across the country are continuing to expand opportunities to avoid or mitigate the adverse effects of a criminal record. If anything, the trend first documented last winter in Four Years of Second Chance Reforms, 2013 – 2016 has accelerated in 2017. Second Chance Reforms
- [CCRC files amicus brief in Illinois sex offender case](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/10/25/ccrc-files-amicus-brief-in-illinois-sex-offender-case/) - By CCRC Staff | The CCRC has filed an amicus brief in the Illinois Supreme Court in support of the appellant in People v. Bingham, a case challenging the constitutionality of a state law requiring registration as a "sexual predator" based on the commission of a non-sexual offense. The relevant facts of the case are as follows. Jerome Bingham was
- [CCRC publishes California Compilation of Collateral Consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/10/20/california-compilation-of-collateral-consequences-launched/) - By CCRC Staff | The CCRC is pleased to announce the publication of the California Compilation of Collateral Consequences (CCCC), a searchable online database of the restrictions and disqualifications imposed by California statutes and regulations because of an individual’s criminal record. Federal collateral consequences can also be searched through the CCCC database. This new resource follows on the heels of similar compilations
- [California enacts sweeping fair employment law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/10/20/california-enacts-sweeping-fair-employment-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On October 14, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 1008, the California Fair Chance Act, a bill we covered upon its passage in the legislature last month. The Act extends a new "ban-the-box" requirement to private as well as public employers, and makes failure to comply an “unlawful employment practice” subject to enforcement
- [California poised for major change in fair employment law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/09/22/california-poised-to-expand-fair-employment-provisions/) - By CCRC Staff | The California legislature has approved, and sent to the governor's desk for signature, a bill that would dramatically expand protections for people with a criminal record under the state's Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA). Currently FEHA bars only discrimination that has a racially disparate effect. If signed by the governor as expected, the new
- [New report: 50-state guide to expungement and restoration of rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/10/12/new-report-50-state-guide-to-expungement-and-restoration-of-rights/) - By CCRC Staff | CCRC is pleased to announce the publication of its 50-state guide to expungement and restoration of rights: "Forgiving and Forgetting in American Justice." This report catalogues and analyzes the various provisions for relief from the collateral consequences of conviction that are now operating in each state, including judicial record-sealing and certificates of relief, executive pardon, and
- [Clean Slate Clearinghouse goes live](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/09/29/clean-slate-clearinghouse-goes-live/) - By CCRC Staff | Earlier today the Council of State Governments (CSG) launched the Clean Slate Clearinghouse, an impressive online resource that provides information on the availability of expungement and sealing in all 50 states and helps individuals with criminal records connect with pro bono legal service providers. The project, which is jointly funded by the U.S. Departments
- [How effective are judicial certificates in relieving collateral consequences?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/14/how-effective-are-judicial-certificates-in-relieving-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | An empirical study of Ohio's judicial "certificate of qualification for employment" finds that it is "an effective avenue for lessening the stigma of a criminal record" in the context of employment and licensing. The certificate, authorized in 2012, lifts mandatory legal restrictions and limits employer liability for negligent hiring claims, with the goal of ensuring
- [Introducing the new Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/28/introducing-the-new-restoration-of-rights-project/) - State-specific guides to restoration of rights, pardon, expungement, sealing, and certificates of relief.
- ["Presidential pardons have lost their true purpose"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/08/29/presidential-pardons-have-lost-their-true-purpose/) - By CCRC Staff | The op ed below by CCRC Executive Director Margaret Love appeared in the Washington Post this afternoon. Love argues that focusing on the political message sent by the Arpaio pardon obscures a more fundamental problem with pardoning in today’s federal system: It has all but ceased to play the role the framers intended of advancing
- [A closer look at Indiana's expungement law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/08/30/a-closer-look-at-indianas-expungement-law/) - By CCRC Staff | More than four years ago, Indiana's then-Governor Mike Pence signed into law what was at the time perhaps the Nation's most comprehensive and elaborate scheme for restoring rights and status after conviction. In the fall of 2014, as one of CCRC's very first posts, Margaret Love published her interview with the legislator primarily responsible for
- [Illinois enacts boadest sealing law in Nation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/08/25/illinois-enacts-major-sealing-expansion/) - By CCRC Staff | On Fiday Illinois governor Bruce Rauner signed into law what appears to be the broadest sealing law in the United States, covering almost all felonies and requiring a relatively short eligibility waiting period of three years. We expect to provide a more in-depth discussion of the law next week from practitioners working on the ground
- [Preview of 50-state report on effective relief mechanisms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/08/17/preview-of-50-state-report-on-effective-relief-mechanisms/) - By CCRC Staff | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is currently finalizing a 50-state report on the availability of relief from the adverse civil effects of a criminal arrest or conviction. Using research from the Restoration of Rights Project (RRP), the report analyzes the data in several different categories, including executive pardon, judicial record-closing and certificates, and regulation of employment
- [Big win for sex offenders in PA as registration held punishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/20/big-win-for-registrants-as-new-requirements-declared-punishment/) - By Aaron J. Marcus | Yesterday, in Commonwealth v. Muniz, __A.3d__ (Pa., July 19, 2017) (47 MAP 2016), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held what for a long time has been obvious to many: that sex offender registration is punishment. Five Justices declared that Pennsylvania’s Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act’s (SORNA) “registration provisions constitute punishment under Article 1, Section 17
- [Sex offender consequences in the Supreme Court - what's ahead?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/18/the-supreme-courts-mixed-signals-in-packingham/) - By CCRC Staff | "The Supreme Court’s Mixed Signals in Packingham" is the title of a thoughtful comment by Bidish Sarma analyzing the Supreme Court's recent decision in Packingham v. North Carolina, recently published on the American Constitution Society website. (An early analysis of the Packingham decision by Wayne Logan appeared on this site on June 20.) Mr. Sarma proposes
- [PA high court holds sex offender registration unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/19/pa-high-court-holds-sex-offender-registration-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in a divided opinion, has held the provisions of the state's sex offender registration law (SORNA) unconstitutional under the state and federal constitutions. The majority in Commonwealth v. Muniz held that 1) SORNA’s registration provisions constitute punishment notwithstanding the General Assembly’s identification of the provisions as nonpunitive; 2) retroactive application of
- [Fair Credit Reporting Act applied to criminal records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/18/fair-credit-reporting-act-applied-to-criminal-records/) - By CCRC Staff | The following is a summary of how the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) applies to criminal background checks, written by Sharon Dietrich of Community Legal Services of Philadelphia. More detailed information about FCRA's interpretation and enforcement is available in this 2011 FTC report. Current information about FCRA's enforcement as applied to criminal records will appear
- [Major new federal awards support second chance advocacy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/23/major-new-federal-awards-support-second-chance-advocacy/) - By CCRC Staff | Earlier this week the U.S. Departments of Justice and Labor made two major awards to the Council of State Governments (CSG) to support the development of resources on collateral consequences and second chance programs. The awards aim to build capacity within the advocacy community to assist those seeking restoration of rights and status nationwide. The
- ["Ants under the refrigerator"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/21/ants-under-the-refrigerator/) - By CCRC Staff | The following post is republished, with permission, from the National Clean Slate Clearinghouse listserv. In it Sharon Dietrich points out that even after criminal records have been expunged or sealed, they may still be reported by commercial criminal record providers in violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. (See our recent 50-state survey of
- ["More Justice and Less Harm: Reinventing Access to Criminal History Records"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/10/more-justice-and-less-harm-reinventing-access-to-criminal-history-records/) - By Margaret | This is the title of an important new article published by Alessandro Corda in the Howard Law Journal proposing a radical way of addressing the malign social impact of our current policies on public access to arrest and conviction records. Corda traces the evolution of record dissemination policies and practices since the 1950s, contrasting the
- [California follows federal lead in limiting employment screening](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/07/10/california-follows-federal-lead-in-limiting-employment-screening/) - By Margaret | A new California regulation took effect last week that puts employers on notice that adverse action based on criminal history may violate state law prohibitions on racial discrimination. The regulation closely tracks a 2012 guidance issued by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which asserts that consideration of criminal history by employers violates Title VII of the
- [Scholarship round-up IV](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/23/scholarship-round-up-iv/) - By CCRC Staff | It's time for another scholarship round-up! A more complete collection of scholarship on issues relating to collateral consequences and restoration of rights can be found on our "Books & Articles" page. (Abstracts follow list of articles.) Past round-ups here. Measuring the Creative Plea Bargain Thea Johnson, University of Maine School of Law Indiana Law Journal,
- [Strong momentum for fair-chance hiring and occupational licensing reform in 2017](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/05/12/strong-momentum-for-fair-chance-hiring-and-occupational-licensing-reform-in-2017/) - By CCRC Staff | The following piece by Beth Avery was originally published on the blog of the National Employment Law Project. Building upon the successes of 2016, legislatures across the country are off to a strong start this year toward adopting laws that increase fairness in hiring and employment opportunities for the one-in-three U.S. adults with arrest
- [Supreme Court supports immigrant's right to understand consequences of conviction](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/27/supreme-court-supports-immigrants-right-to-understand-consequences-of-conviction/) - By Jenny Roberts | The author of the following post about the Supreme Court's decision in Jae Lee v. United States drafted an amicus brief in the case for several national immigrant rights organizations. In 2010, Padilla v. Kentucky established that criminal defense lawyers must advise clients about the deportation consequences of a conviction, as part of their duties under the
- [Defendant entitled to "Hail Mary" effort to avoid deportation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/24/defendant-entitled-to-hail-mary-effort-to-avoid-deportation-consequences-of-a-guilty-plea/) - By CCRC Staff | The Supreme Court has settled a dispute lingering in the lower courts since its decision seven years ago in Padilla v. Kentucky: If a criminal defendant's decision to plead guilty resulted from his lawyer's constitutionally deficient advice about the collateral consequences of conviction, what does he have to show to undo the plea and bring
- ["Justice Alito’s misleading claim about sex offender rearrests"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/22/justice-alitos-misleading-claim-about-sex-offender-rearrests/) - By CCRC Staff | The title of this post is the Washington Post's "Fact Checker's" assessment of a statement in Justice Alito's concurrence in Packingham v. North Carolina about the recidivism rates of sex offenders. We reprint excerpts because of the importance of the issue to the Supreme Court's collateral consequences jurisprudence: “Repeat sex offenders pose an especially grave risk
- ["Back to Business" - A report on fair chance hiring policies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/13/back-to-business-a-report-on-fair-chance-hiring-policies/) - By CCRC Staff | A new report examines successful efforts by corporations and government leaders to promote “fair chance” hiring policies for people with criminal histories. Back to Business: How Hiring Formerly Incarcerated Job Seekers Benefits Your Company reviews the latest research on the effect of a criminal record on employment interviews and on the job performance of workers with
- [Court rules sex offenders cannot be barred from social media](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/20/court-rules-sex-offenders-cannot-be-barred-from-social-media/) - By CCRC Staff | The Supreme Court ruled on June 19, without dissent, that sex offenders cannot constitutionally be barred from social-networking sites. SCOTUSblog's Amy Howe introduced the Court's 's holding in Packingham v. North Carolina as follows: In 2002, Lester Packingham became a convicted sex offender at the age of 21, after he pleaded guilty to taking indecent liberties
- [Introducing the Compilation of Federal Collateral Consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/06/15/introducing-the-compilation-of-federal-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | The CCRC is pleased to announce the launch of its Compilation of Federal Collateral Consequences (CFCC), a searchable online database of the restrictions and disqualifications imposed by federal statutes and regulations because of an individual’s criminal record. Included in the CFCC are laws authorizing or requiring criminal background checks as a condition of accessing specific federal
- [Collateral consequences scholarship round-up](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/30/scholarship-round-up/) - By CCRC Staff | Collateral consequences and restoration of rights have become hot topics in academia as the consequences of conviction grow more severe and the need for law reform becomes more apparent. Below we survey notable articles on topics relating to collateral consequences that have been released so far in 2017, some of which will be covered in more detail in subsequent posts.
- [Scholarship round-up II - two new articles by Jack Chin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/04/13/scholarship-roundup-ii-two-new-articles-by-jack-chin/) - By Margaret | CCRC board member Jack Chin, Professor of Law at U.C. Davis, has recently posted two important articles about collateral consequences. One is a general overview of various recent proposals to reform the way collateral consequences are treated in the justice system, which will be published as part of a report on scholarship on criminal justice
- [Scholarship round-up III](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/05/02/scholarship-round-up-iii/) - By CCRC Staff | A number of new and interesting articles on collateral consequences have come to our attention since we published our first big scholarship round-up only weeks ago. We provide information, links, and abstracts on these pieces below. A more complete collection of scholarship on issues relating to collateral consequences can be found on our "Books &
- [National law reform proposal on collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/05/16/national-law-reform-proposal-on-collateral-consequences/) - By Margaret | A long-running national law reform project that is reaching its final stages includes a broad and progressive scheme for dealing with the collateral consequences of conviction. The American Law Institute (ALI), the nation's oldest and most respected law reform organization, will meet in Washington on May 22-24 to approve a revision of the sentencing articles
- [Civil Rights Commission to hold public briefing on collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/05/15/civil-rights-commission-to-hold-public-briefing-on-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | The United States Commission on Civil Rights will hold a public briefing on collateral consequences on May 19 ("Collateral Consequences: The Crossroads of Punishment, Redemption and the Effects on Communities"). The Commission is an independent, bipartisan agency charged with advising the President and Congress on civil rights matters and issuing an annual federal civil rights
- [SBA to relax some rules on loans to people with a record, but most left in place](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/23/sba-rules-loans-people-record-restrictive/) - By Margaret | In December 2014, Amy Solomon, Senior Advisor to the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs in the Justice Department, testified before the U.S. Senate Addiction Forum about the review of collateral consequences federal agencies had been conducting under the auspices of the Federal Reentry Council. She reported that most of the agencies
- [Second chance employment bill approved in West Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/04/10/second-chance-employment-bill-approved-in-west-virginia/) - By CCRC Staff | High drama on the final day of the West Virginia legislative session produced a last minute compromise between House and Senate over SB76, the WV Second Chance for Employment Act. If the governor signs the bill into law, individuals convicted of non-violent felonies will be able to return to court after 10 years to have
- [Montana just authorized expungement of adult convictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/05/01/montana-latest-to-authorize-expungement-of-adult-convictions/) - By CCRC Staff | For the first time in its history, Montana has enacted a law authorizing its courts to limit public access to adult conviction records. On April 13, Governor Steve Bullock signed into law House Bill 168, giving district courts the power to "expunge" the records of misdemeanor convictions after completion of sentence, effective October 1 of
- [Restrictions on access to criminal records:  A national survey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/09/restrictions-on-access-to-criminal-records-a-national-survey/) - By Margaret | We have recently revised and brought up to date the 50-state chart comparing laws on judicial sealing and expungement. This chart provides an overview of the national landscape of laws authorizing courts to restrict public access to criminal records. The chart summaries are illustrated by color-coded maps, and explained in greater detail in the state
- [Federal sentencing and collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/15/federal-sentencing-and-collateral-consequences/) - By Margaret | This practice resource is available in PDF format here. A follow-up piece, "Federal sentencing and collateral consequences II," is here. Federal courts are frequently asked to take into account the collateral consequences of conviction in determining what sentence to impose under the criteria in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). It is generally permissible for them to do so,
- [Federal sentencing and collateral consequences II](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/01/federal-sentencing-and-collateral-consequences-ii/) - By CCRC Staff | This piece follows up on the CCRC practice resource titled "Federal sentencing and collateral consequences," available here. Should federal courts be required to take collateral consequences into account when they impose a sentence - or should they at least be permitted to consider them? Should courts also be authorized to provide federal defendants some
- [California set-aside enhances employment prospects](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/04/03/california-set-aside-enhances-employment-prospects/) - By CCRC Staff | Second-chance mechanisms in California are working to increase the employment prospects and earning potential of Californians with criminal records according to a soon-to-be-published study by a team of researchers from U.C. Berkeley School of Law. The study, by Jeffrey Selbin, Justin McCrary & Joshua Epstein, tracked over an eleven-year period the employment status and annual
- [District of Columbia clemency authority sought](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/03/30/district-of-columbia-clemency-authority-sought/) - By CCRC Staff | On March 28, Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) introduced a bill that would give the District of Columbia exclusive authority, like states and U.S. territories, to grant clemency for criminal convictions under its laws. The District of Columbia Home Rule Clemency Act is part of Norton’s “Free and Equal D.C.” series. While D.C. law appears
- [Do ban-the-box policies increase racial discrimination in hiring?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/22/do-ban-the-box-policies-increase-racial-discrimination-in-hiring/) - By CCRC Staff | Update: The National Employment Law Project has responded to these studies with a critique that we cover here. Ban-the-box policies have become popular in recent years as a way of minimizing discrimination based on criminal history, and have been adopted by 24 states, the federal government, and a number private companies. But until recently there has been little
- [New research report: Four Years of Second Chance Reforms, 2013-2016](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/02/08/round-up-of-recent-second-chance-legislation-2013-2016/) - By CCRC Staff | Introduction Since 2013, almost every state has taken at least some steps to chip away at the negative effects of a criminal record on an individual’s ability to earn a living, access housing, education and public benefits, and otherwise fully participate in civil society. It has not been an easy task, in part because of
- [Supreme Court considers restrictions on sex offender access to internet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2017/02/27/justices-consider-restrictions-on-sex-offender-access-to-internet/) - By CCRC Staff | This morning the Supreme Court considered whether sex offenders may constitutionally be barred from internet access to social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Lester Packingham, who was required to register as a sex offender after pleading guilty to taking “indecent liberties” with a minor when he was a 21-year-old college student, ran afoul of a
- [California high court invalidates sex offender residency restrictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/10/california-high-court-invalidates-sex-offender-residency-restrictions/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | In a remarkable, unanimous decision, the California Supreme Court held on March 2, 2015 that residence restrictions for sex offenders on parole were unconstitutional as applied. Although the case technically addressed the situation of four named plaintiffs in San Diego County, the decision calls into doubt the statute’s validity in the entire state. In re
- [A second chance -- if you can pay for it](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/12/19/a-second-chance-if-you-can-afford-it/) - By CCRC Staff | The surest way to avoid the collateral consequences of conviction is to avoid conviction in the first place. Pre-trial diversion programs offer defendants a chance to do just that, by having the charges against them dismissed before they even reach court. But there is often a catch that puts this benefit out of reach for
- [Housing restrictions across the country](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/12/14/housing-restrictions-across-the-country/) - By CCRC Staff | The revolving door between prison and homelessness is an unfortunate and well-documented feature of our criminal justice system. But it is not just those returning from prison who are at risk. Even a conviction for a relatively minor offense – and, in some instances, simply being charged with one – can result in a lifetime of
- [NC sex offender exclusion law held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/12/07/nc-sex-offender-exclusion-law-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week the Fourth Circuit held unconstitutional two key provisions of a North Carolina law that made it a felony for sex offenders to be within 300 feet of certain premises that are “intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors” or on premises where minors “gather for regularly scheduled educational, recreational, or social programs.” The
- [Federal judges challenge collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/11/29/federal-judges-challenge-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | Federal judges have begun speaking out about the burdens imposed by severe collateral consequences and the limited ability of courts to mitigate the resulting harm. This is particularly true in the Eastern District of New York, where some judges have openly lamented the lack of statutory federal expungement authority and have used their opinions and orders
- [New role for veep: chief clemency adviser?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/11/11/new-role-for-veep-chief-clemency-advisor/) - By CCRC Staff | A forthcoming article in the Harvard Journal of Law and Policy argues that the federal pardon process ought to be restructured to make the vice president the president's chief clemency adviser. Paul Larkin of the Heritage Foundation proposes that pardon recommendations ought to be made by an board chaired by the vice president located in
- [Expungement in Pennsylvania explained](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/11/08/expungement-in-pennsylvania-explained/) - By CCRC Staff | Pennsylvania has been active in recent years in expanding its judicial relief mechanisms, though it still has a long way to go to catch up to states like Kentucky, Missouri, and New Jersey, which have in the past 12 months extended their expungement laws to some felonies and/or reduced waiting periods. No one has been
- [Fair employment news and resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/11/02/fair-employment-news-and-resources/) - By CCRC Staff | The National Employment Law Project (NELP) recently published its November 2016 On the Record: Fair Employment newsletter which provides links and information on a number of interesting developments related to collateral consequences and criminal record mitigation. The full newsletter is available below: On the Record: Fair Employment Newsletter November 2016 NEW RESOURCES Employment Opportunities for Justice-Involved
- [Manslaughter plea vacated to avoid licensing bar](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/31/manslaughter-plea-vacated-to-avoid-licensing-bar/) - By CCRC Staff | A former University of Maryland student who pled guilty last April to throwing a punch that resulted in the death of a fellow student, has been allowed the benefit of a nonconviction disposition that will likely result in the expungement of his record. According to a report in the Washington Post, Prince George’s County Judge
- [SCOTUS to review two collateral consequences cases](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/30/scotus-to-review-two-collateral-consequences-cases/) - By CCRC Staff | Most of the public interest in the Supreme Court's cert grants on Friday focused on the transgender bathroom case from Virginia. But the Court also granted cert in two cases involving collateral consequences: one a First Amendment challenge to a North Carolina law barring a registered sex offender from internet access; and the other whether
- [Justice Department will enforce limits on landlord background checks](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/22/justice-department-will-enforce-limits-on-landlord-background-checks/) - By CCRC Staff | Earlier this year the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) issued new guidance asserting that housing policies that exclude people with criminal records may violate the non-discrimination provisions of the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA) if they fail to consider the nature, severity, and recency of criminal conduct and if they are not narrowly tailored to protect residents or
- [HHS finalizes rules on child care worker screening](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/28/hhs-finalizes-rules-on-child-care-worker-screening/) - By CCRC Staff | In February we posted about regulations proposed by the federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to implement criminal history screening requirements for child care workers under recent changes to the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014. The CCRC joined a coalition of organizations led by the National Employment Law Project (NELP)
- [Illinois health care licenses elude those with records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/13/illinois-health-care-licenses-elude-those-with-records/) - By Ina Silvergleid | The Illinois legislature has been generally progressive in enacting measures to help people with a criminal record avoid being stigmatized for life. In 2003, as a state senator, President Obama sponsored one of the earliest of these measures, authorizing courts to grant certificates relieving collateral consequences. In 2011, however, Illinois took several steps backwards when it enacted legislation automatically barring
- [Misdemeanants win challenge to federal firearms law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/08/convicted-individuals-win-challenge-to-federal-firearms-law/) - By CCRC Staff | The Third Circuit has held that the federal bar to gun possession by convicted individuals cannot constitutionally be applied to two misdemeanants convicted years ago who were not sentenced to prison. In a fractured opinion, the Third Circuit sitting en banc ruled that the two challengers never lost their Second Amendment rights, and that the
- [Federal pardon filings skyrocket, but pardon grants still down](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/08/federal-pardon-filings-skyrocket-but-still-no-pardon-grants/) - By CCRC Staff | New clemency statistics just posted on the Pardon Attorney's website show that almost 1000 petitions for full pardon were filed in FY 2016, and that more than 1900 pardon petitions are presently pending. We have become accustomed to seeing huge numbers of commutation filings, but the large number of pardon filings is much more
- [Sex offender residency restrictions in the courts:  is the tide turning?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/10/08/sex-offender-residency-restrictions-in-the-courts-is-the-tide-turning/) - By CCRC Staff | The Marshall Project has published an important new article by Maurice Chammah on legal challenges to restrictions on where registered sex offenders can work, live, and visit. See "Making the Case Against Banishing Sex Offenders: Legislators won’t touch the subject, but courts are proving more sympathetic." Chammah writes that activists, finding lawmakers unreceptive to any measure perceived to benefit
- [President urged to make federal hiring fairer -- but is the "ask" enough to get the right result?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/28/president-urged-to-make-federal-hiring-fairer-but-is-the-ask-enough-to-get-the-job-done/) - By CCRC Staff | A coalition of national advocacy organizations has again urged President Obama to implement a robust federal hiring policy to give people with a criminal record a fair chance to compete for federal agency and contractor jobs.[1] In an open letter dated July 20, the coalition called upon the President to issue an executive order requiring employers
- [Hip-hop mogul's arrest highlights liquor license consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/24/hip-hop-moguls-arrest-highlights-liquor-license-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | The June 22 arrest of Sean “Diddy” Combs on three counts of assault with a deadly weapon has spotlighted the severe consequences of conviction for liquor licensees. An article in The Observer reports that, if convicted, the legendary hip-hop artist may be forced to divest his holdings in Diageo, the world's largest producer of spirits.
- [Outgoing Kentucky governor issues order restoring voting rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/11/24/6727/) - By CCRC Staff | UPDATE: Governor Matt Bevin rescinded Governor Beshear's order on December 22, 2015, saying: While I have been a vocal supporter of the restoration of rights, it is an issue that must be addressed through the legislature and by the will of the people. Governor Bevins went on to sign a major felony expungement bill in
- [Felony Disenfranchisement: Setting the Record Straighter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/19/felony-disenfranchisement-setting-the-record-straighter-2/) - By Eliza Hersh | Recently, a woman standing outside of a Berkeley grocery store asked if I wanted to register to vote. I asked her, “Can I vote if I’m on probation?” She looked at me with horror, gripped her clipboard, and physically recoiled from me and the cantaloupe I was holding. Once she regained some composure, she sincerely,
- [Indiana courts interpret new expungement law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/19/indiana-courts-interpret-new-expungement-law/) - By CCRC Staff | On September 15, 2016, the Indiana Court of Appeals reversed a lower court's denial of expungement to a woman convicted 13 years before of forgery and drug-dealing, holding that the court abused its discretion in denying relief where the case fully met the statutory standards. The decision provides a window into how one of the
- [SUNY bans the box on admissions application](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/15/state-university-of-new-york-suny-bans-the-box-on-admissions-application/) - By Emily NaPier | On September 14, the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York (SUNY), the nation’s largest comprehensive university system, voted to ban the box in its admissions process. It is the first university system in the country to reverse its decision to engage in criminal history screening and remove the question from its
- [When collateral consequences drive the sentence: The David Becker case](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/15/when-collateral-consequences-drive-the-sentence-the-david-becker-case/) - By Margaret | In the wake of the Brock Turner case, a new controversy was ignited in Massachusetts last month when 18-year-old David Becker, a white college-bound athlete, received two years' probation after pleading guilty to indecent assault of an unconscious woman at a house party. As in the Turner case, many are outraged by a penalty they regard as too lenient
- [Can the pardon power be revived through procedural reforms?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/09/12/can-presidential-pardoning-be-revived-through-procedural-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | Mark Osler has posted a new piece arguing for an overhaul of the federal pardon process so that it more closely resembles efficient and productive state clemency systems. He argues that flaws in the process for administering the power, rather than a failure of executive will, have prevented President Obama from carrying out his ambitious
- [Michigan sex offender registration amendments held unconstitutional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/26/michigan-sex-offender-registration-amendments-held-unconstitutional/) - By CCRC Staff | A federal appeals court has concluded that Michigan's amendments to its Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA) "impose[] punishment" and thus may not constitutionally be applied retroactively. See Does v. Snyder, No. 15-1536 (6th Cir. Aug. 25, 2016). Here is the concluding analysis from the Sixth Circuit's unanimous panel decision reaching this result: So, is SORA’s actual effect
- [Judge Gleeson to speak about collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/26/judge-gleeson-to-speak-about-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | Capitalizing on the growing interest in the employment discrimination faced by people with a criminal record, Cornell University's ILR School will host a program next month featuring Judge John Gleeson on "The Role of Courts in Managing Collateral Consequences." Details of the program, which will take place in Manhattan on September 29, are here. Last year,
- [Federal expungement order reversed on appeal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/11/federal-expungement-order-reversed-on-appeal/) - By CCRC Staff | In an eagerly awaited decision, a panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled that federal courts have no authority to expunge the records of a valid conviction. As Joe Palazzolo at the Wall Street Journal noted, this effectively "put an end to an experiment by a Brooklyn judge that drew attention to the
- ["Racial profiling in hiring: A critique of new ban-the-box studies"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/17/racial-profiling-in-hiring-a-critique-of-new-ban-the-box-studies/) - By CCRC Staff | In June we covered two recent studies that concluded ban-the-box policies tend to decrease minority hiring because some employers use race as a proxy for criminal history. In other words, in the absence of information about applicants’ criminal history, some employers assume that minority applicants have a record and exclude them on this assumption. The result is that ban-the-box
- [New reports document federal progress on collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/16/new-reports-document-federal-progress-on-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | The Presidential Memorandum that formally established the Reentry Council in April 2016 mandated a report documenting the Council’s accomplishments to date and plans moving forward. The resulting report, The Federal Interagency Reentry Council: A Record of Progress and a Roadmap for the Future, was issued today. Also today the White House issued a fact sheet
- [Prez promises to catch up on pardons -- but he's far behind](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/05/prez-promises-more-full-pardons-before-his-term-ends/) - By CCRC Staff | We have wondered whether President Obama would ever turn his attention to what has become the red-headed stepchild of the clemency caseload: full pardons to restore rights and status after service of sentence. To date President Obama has focused on commuting prison sentences, and has issued fewer pardons than any full-term president since the Civil
- [Law firm steps up to aid reentry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/11/law-firm-steps-up-to-aid-reentry-efforts/) - By Margaret | Recently I was speaking with Matt Benjamin, a lawyer at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP in New York, who told me about a very important pro bono effort that he and his colleagues at the firm launched two years ago to serve clients in the “Alternatives to Incarceration” programs of the U.S. District Court for
- [New era for expungement reform?  Too soon to tell.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/03/new-era-for-expungement-reform-too-soon-to-tell/) - By CCRC Staff | A new article in the Harvard Law & Policy Review evaluates some of the recent legislative efforts to deliver relief from the burden of collateral consequences through new or expanded expungement laws. In "A New Era for Expungement Law Reform? Recent Developments at the State and Federal Levels," Brian Murray argues that many of the newer record-closing laws
- [Missouri expands expungement in a big way](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/20/missouri-expands-expungement-in-a-big-way/) - By Margaret | Last week Missouri Governor Jay Nixon signed a bill that will dramatically expand the availability of expungement for people convicted of state crimes. The new law (SB-588), which will go into effect in 2018, extends expungement relief to a broad range of felonies and misdemeanors, and reduces the waiting period for expungeable felonies from 20
- [New York City agency called on the carpet for employment discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/08/01/new-york-city-agency-called-on-the-carpet-for-employment-discrimination/) - By CCRC Staff | At least on paper, New York City has the strongest legal protections in the Nation for people with a criminal record, and for employers and others who are willing to give them a chance. The State's vaunted certificates of relief remove mandatory legal disabilities and certify rehabilitation, and are available to any and all defendants.
- [Collateral consequences: punishment or regulation?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/23/collateral-consequences-punishment-or-regulation/) - By Margaret | Have we been wrong in trying to fit the round peg of collateral consequences into the square hole of punishment? Sandra Mayson, a Fellow at the Quattrone Center at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, says yes. In an article published in the Notre Dame Law Review, Mayson challenges the view of some scholars that
- [What (if anything) does the Virginia voting rights decision tell us about the president's pardon power?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/24/virginia-court-strikes-down-vote-restoration-order/) - By Margaret | On July 22, 2016, the Virginia Supreme Court struck down a series of executive orders issued by Governor Terry McAuliffe restoring voting and other civil rights to more than 200,000 convicted individuals. See Howell v. McAuliffe (Va. 2016). The court, in a 4-to-3 decision, disputed the governor’s assertion that his restoration power was absolute under the
- ["Prosecuting Collateral Consequences" is an important contribution](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/21/prosecuting-collateral-consequences-is-an-important-contribution/) - By Richard Cassidy | On Monday, the CCRC posted the abstract of an extensive new law review article, Prosecuting Collateral Consequences, 104 Georgetown L. J. 1197 (2016). The article, by a brand new University of North Carolina Law Professor, Elisha Jain, argues that new awareness of the collateral consequences of criminal conviction has extended the largely unreviewable discretion of
- ["Divergent moral vision" -- Collateral consequences in Europe and the U.S.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/19/divergent-moral-vision-collateral-consequences-in-europe-and-the-u-s/) - By Margaret | A new article in the Stanford Law Review discusses the radically different forms of punishment in the United States and Europe, which its author attributes at least in part to differing moral visions of wrongdoing and wrongdoers. In Two Cultures of Punishment, Joshua Kleinfeld argues that while Americans tend to regard serious offenders as "morally deformed
- [How prosecutors use collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/18/how-prosecutors-use-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | A new article published in the Georgetown Law Journal argues that collateral consequences are becoming a valuable tool for prosecutors in the plea bargaining process, enabling them to leverage their existing power to control the outcome of criminal cases. In Prosecuting Collateral Consequences, Eisha Jain of the University of North Carolina law faculty attributes this trend to
- [The pros and cons of fingerprinting Uber drivers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/14/the-pros-and-cons-of-fingerprinting-uber-drivers/) - By CCRC Staff | The following piece by Maurice Emsellem of the National Employment Law Project was originally published on the Huffington Post. Uber’s ruthless expansion strategy has put state and local legislators in the middle of the debate over regulation of the on-demand, ride-hailing workforce. Laws requiring background checks for drivers, which can restrict access to Uber’s core asset,
- [Washington enacts Certificate of Restoration of Opportunity](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/07/06/washington-enacts-certificate-of-restoration-of-opportunity/) - By CCRC Staff | Washington State courts are now authorized to grant certain individuals a Certificate of Restoration of Opportunity (CROP), which prohibits many state licensing entities from disqualifying the holder solely based on his or her criminal history. A CROP also protects employers and housing providers from liability for negligent hiring and renting. The new certificate authority was
- [Former Obama officials advocate against FBI checks by (some) employers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/18/former-obama-officials-advocate-against-fbi-checks-by-some-employers/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week we posted a letter sent by former Attorney General Eric Holder to the Chicago City Council on behalf of Uber and Lyft, urging that it not require Uber and Lyft to subject their drivers to FBI fingerprint-based background checks applicable to taxi operators. His main argument was that FBI records are incomplete and
- [Former AG says no FBI screens for Uber and Lyft drivers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/12/former-ag-says-no-fbi-background-checks-for-uber-and-lyft-drivers/) - By CCRC Staff | On June 2, former Attorney General Eric Holder sent a letter to the Chicago City Council asking it not to make Uber and Lyft do FBI background checks on their drivers as a condition of operating within the metropollitan area. The ride-sharing companies have argued that they should be permitted to vet their own employees.
- [Divided Wisconsin Supreme Court declines to extend Padilla to other serious consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/10/divided-wisconsin-supreme-court-declines-to-extend-padilla-to-other-serious-consequences/) - By Michael Tobin | Last month the Wisconsin Supreme Court held in State v. Lemere that the Sixth Amendment does not require defense counsel to advise a client that a conviction for a pending charge of sexual assault could result in future commitment proceedings under chapter 980. The case could be appropriate for certiorari review in the U.S. Supreme Court
- [Ampersands - Brock Turner & conflicts of justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/10/ampersands-brock-turner-conflicts-of-justice/) - By Eliza Hersh | I recently had the chance to meet with one of the leading international experts on the treatment and punishment of people who have committed sex offenses. I noticed she has a small tattoo of an ampersand on the inside of her wrist. I keep thinking of that ampersand as I read Brock Turner rage memes,
- [Excessive filing fees frustrate new expungement schemes](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/03/excessive-fees-frustrate-purpose-of-expungement-laws/) - By Margaret | How much is a clean slate worth? That’s the question many people with criminal records are asking in Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee, where the cost of filing for expungement is (or will soon be) between $450 and $550. To put that into perspective: In Kentucky, the $500 fee required to expunge an eligible felony conviction
- [New Yorker comments on collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/06/02/new-yorker-comments-on-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | Lincoln Caplan writes in this week's New Yorker about Judge Frederic Block's decision last week to reduce a woman's prison sentence because of the life-altering collateral penalties she faced on account of her drug conviction. After describing the facts of the case and the judge's reasoning, Caplan concludes with the following comments about what Jeremy
- ["On Lawyering" on collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/27/on-lawyering-on-collateral-consequences/) - By Richard Cassidy | The following post was originally published at On Lawyering, CCRC President Rich Cassidy's blog on the law and culture of lawyering. Judge Rules That That the Collateral Consequences of Conviction Justify the Release of a Drug Offender “Earth’s most impassable barriers – as Lincoln the lawyer knew, as Lincoln the writer knew – are often those
- [Federal defendant avoids prison because of collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/25/federal-defendant-avoids-prison-because-of-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | Yesterday U.S. District Judge Frederic Block (E.D.N.Y.) issued an extraordinary opinion explaining his decision to impose a non-prison sentence on a young woman convicted of importing cocaine, based on the severe collateral consequences that she faces. While other federal courts have factored collateral consequences into the balancing of factors required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), this
- [Study shows certificates work to create job opportunities](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/25/new-study-suggests-certificates-of-relief-are-working-to-create-jobs/) - By Margaret | A new empirical study provides important evidence that “certificates of recovery/relief” can be effective in facilitating employment opportunities for people with a criminal record. Two University of South Carolina criminologists have concluded that employers in Ohio are willing to look beyond the criminal histories of job applicants who have been issued a Certificate of Qualification for Employment
- [Judge Gleeson issues a "federal certificate of rehabilitation"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/07/judge-gleeson-issues-a-federal-certificate-of-rehabilitation/) - By Margaret | In his final week on the bench, in an opinion that may in time prove among his most influential, U.S. District Judge John Gleeson issued a "certificate of rehabilitation" to a woman he had sentenced 13 years before. See Jane Doe v. United States, No. 15-MC-1174 (E.D.N.Y., March 7, 2016) (Jane Doe II). The opinion
- [Expungement expansion round-up (2016 edition)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/23/expungement-expansion-round-up-2016-edition/) - By Margaret | More and more states are enacting new expungement and sealing laws, or expanding existing ones, some covering convictions for the first time. The first four months of 2016 alone saw courts given significant new authority to limit access to criminal records in four states, and bills have been introduced in several others that promise more
- [Challenge to SORNA retroactivity reaches Pennsylvania Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/16/challenge-to-sorna-retroctivity-reaches-pennsylvania-supreme-court/) - By Aaron J. Marcus | In the last few years, Pennsylvania’s courts have taken an active role in defining the propriety and scope of the state’s sex offender registration program. Following on the heels of a December 2014 decision striking down sex offender registration for juveniles, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court recently agreed to hear a sweeping challenge to the retroactive application
- [Access to healthcare a lifesaver for halfway house residents](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/19/healthcare-for-halfway-house-residents-is-a-lifesaver/) - By Art Beeler | On April 29th the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced a shift in policy that will for the first time allow released prisoners residing in “halfway houses” to take advantage of the services made available through the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansion. The change will provide much-needed medical and rehabilitative services to countless
- [Collateral consequences inventory may move to NRRC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/19/collateral-consequences-inventory-may-move-to-nrrc/) - By CCRC Staff | The National Inventory of Collateral Consequences (NICCC), a comprehensive interactive catalog of collateral consequences and relief mechanisms, will soon become a part of the federally funded National Reentry Resource Center (NRRC). The NICCC, described by the Justice Department as an integral part of its Smart on Crime initiative, was developed by the American Bar Association between
- [Federal sentences and collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/15/federal-sentences-and-collateral-consequences/) - By Margaret | Federal courts are frequently asked to take into account the collateral consequences of conviction in determining what sentence to impose under the criteria in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). It is generally permissible for them to do so, and in line with current proposals of national law reform organizations. At the same time, courts must guard against
- [Feds nudge colleges to go "beyond the box"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/12/feds-nudge-colleges-to-go-beyond-the-box/) - By Margaret | The Department of Education (DOE) is asking colleges and universities to reconsider the use of criminal record inquiries on admissions applications in a new report released on Monday. The report, Beyond the Box: Increasing Access to Higher Education for Justice-Involved Individuals, looks at how broad inquiries into applicants' criminal histories may deter people with criminal records from applying
- ["Vermont sheriff risks his career by hiring a sex offender"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/05/vermont-sheriff-risks-his-career-by-hiring-a-sex-offender/) - By Margaret | Vermonter Rich Cassidy, who chairs the CCRC Board, drew our attention to this extraordinary story of courage and compassion and plain good sense in the Green Mountain State. Published last week in the Vermont weekly Seven Days, it tells the story of LaMoille County Sheriff Roger Marcoux Jr.'s decision to take a chance on Timothy
- [Vermont becomes 8th state to ban the box in private employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/05/vermont-becomes-8th-state-to-ban-the-box-in-private-and-public-employment/) - By Margaret | Starting next summer, private as well as public employers in Vermont will no longer be permitted to ask about a job applicant's criminal history on an initial employment application. The change comes with the enactment of House Bill 261, which Governor Peter Shumlin signed into law yesterday. With the law's enactment, Vermont becomes just the eighth state to
- [Justice Department (or part of it) will no longer use the "f-word"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/04/justice-department-or-part-of-it-will-no-longer-use-the-f-word/) - By CCRC Staff | The Washington Post has published an op ed by a top Justice Department official responsible for grants and contracts announcing that her agency* will no longer use labels like "felon" and "offender" to describe people who have a criminal record. Assistant Attorney General Karol Mason, who heads the Office of Justice Programs, said that she
- ["Virginians with a felony conviction can now vote, but getting a job is no easier"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/05/03/virginians-with-a-felony-conviction-can-now-vote-but-getting-a-job-is-no-easier/) - By CCRC Staff | Lincoln Caplan, formerly of the editorial staff of The New York Times and now on the faculty at Yale Law School, has written a thoughtful piece about collateral consequences for the New Yorker. It points out why Governor McAuliffe's order restoring the vote to Virginians with a criminal record doesn't help them deal with the myriad
- ["The Other F-word" - A journalist's perspective on labeling people with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/29/the-other-f-word-a-journalists-perspective-on-labeling-people-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | On Monday we published a piece by CCRC Director Margaret Love titled "A plea to stop labeling people who have a criminal record," which was critical of the media's usage of "degrading" terms like "felon" and "offender" to describe people with criminal histories. Yesterday Bill Keller, Editor-in-Chief of The Marshall Project, responded to Ms. Love's critique in
- [Bids Sought for National Clean Slate Clearinghouse](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/29/bids-sought-for-national-clean-slate-clearinghouse/) - By CCRC Staff | Last November President Obama announced plans to create a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse, a joint project between the Departments of Labor and Justice that would "build capacity for legal services needed to help with record-cleaning, expungement, and related civil legal services." In late February the Labor Department announced plans for a large-scale contract to establish
- [State licensing laws unfairly restrict opportunities for people with criminal records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/28/state-licensing-laws-unfairly-restrict-opportunities-for-people-with-criminal-records/) - By Margaret | States are falling short when it comes to making occupational licensing opportunities available to people with criminal records. This is according to a report released this week by the National Employment Law Project (NELP). Unlicensed & Untapped: Removing Barriers to State Occupational Licenses for People with Criminal Records examines the licensing laws of 40 states, and grades each
- ["Street Vendors, Taxicabs, and Exclusion Zones: The Impact of Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions at the Local Level"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/02/street-vendors-taxicabs-exclusion-zones-impact-collateral-consequences-criminal-convictions-local-level/) - By CCRC Staff | Amy Meek just sent us her colorfully titled and important new article recently published in the Ohio State Law Journal, about the collateral consequences imposed by municipal and county ordinances. As far as I know, this is the first serious effort to address consideration of conviction in connection with opportunities and benefits controlled at the local level.
- [A wide-ranging look at sex offender registration in PA and beyond](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/25/a-wide-ranging-look-at-sex-offender-registration-in-pa-and-beyond/) - By CCRC Staff | The Cumberland County (Pennsylvania) Sentinel recently published a series of articles by Joshua Vaughn that examine the operation and effect of sex offender registration laws from a variety of perspectives. We summarize the articles with links to the Sentinel's website. Finding statistics to fit a narrative Original article Vaughn traces the “frightening and high risk of recidivism”
- [Kentucky expungement offers fresh start to thousands](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/15/kentucky-law-offers-fresh-start-to-thousands/) - By Margaret | On Wednesday Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin signed a bill giving state courts authority for the first time to expunge felony convictions. The new law, HB 40, allows people convicted of specified non-violent class D felonies who have been crime-free for 5 years to petition to have their conviction vacated, charges dismissed, and record expunged.
- [Second chance for some youthful sex offenders](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/13/youthful-sex-offenders-getting-a-break-nationwide/) - By CCRC Staff | On April 6, Arizona became the latest state to offer early relief from sex offender registration obligations to young people convicted of consensual sex offenses and sentenced to probation. The law, HB 2539, allows individuals convicted before reaching age 22 of sexual conduct with a minor between the ages of 15 and 17 (so-called "Romeo and Juliet" offenders), to
- [HUD limits housing exclusion based on criminal history](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/06/hud-limits-housing-exclusion-based-on-criminal-history/) - By Margaret | On Monday the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) announced that housing policies that exclude people with criminal histories may be illegal under the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA) if the policy fails to consider the nature, severity, and recency of the criminal conduct and is not narrowly tailored to protect residents and property. The new HUD guidance, which applies to private landlords
- [Federal expungement case argued in court of appeals](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/04/08/federal-expungement-case-argued-in-court-of-appeals/) - By Margaret | On April 7 a panel of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit heard argument in United States v. Jane Doe (Jane Doe I). At issue in that case is whether U.S. District Judge John Gleeson acted within his authority when he expunged the conviction of a woman he had sentenced some 14 years earlier,
- [Traveling to Mexico with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/25/traveling-to-mexico-with-a-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Searching for information on whether people with a criminal record may encounter problems traveling to Mexico, we found nothing relevant on the website of the Mexican Embassy in the U.S.. The State Department website contains only a very general warning: Prior Criminal Convictions: U.S. citizens should be aware that Mexican law permits immigration authorities to deny foreigners
- ["A Federal Judge's New Model for Forgiveness"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/16/a-federal-judges-new-model-for-forgiveness/) - By CCRC Staff | New York Times By JESSE WEGMAN March 16, 2016 Should a judge care what happens, years down the road, to the defendants convicted in his courtroom? In 2003, John Gleeson, a federal district judge in Brooklyn, presided over the trial of a woman charged for her role in faking a car accident for the insurance
- [Restoration of firearms rights: 50-state surveys](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/14/50-state-surveys-on-loss-and-restoration-of-firearms-rights/) - By CCRC Staff | We have recently converted the 50-state surveys that are part of the Restoration of Rights Resource from PDF to HTML format. Two of these surveys deal with loss and restoration of firearms privileges as a result of a criminal conviction: Chart # 1 is titled "Loss and restoration of civil rights and firearms privileges," and
- [Gleeson Certificate enters "uncharted waters"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/14/gleeson-certificate-explores-uncharted-waters/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Law Journal published an article over the weekend about the "novel relief" provided by the federal certificate of rehabilitation issued by former Judge John Gleeson on March 7, just days before he stepped down from the bench. A reproduction of the certificate reveals its official appearance, complete with court seal and signatures of Judge
- [50-state guide to expungement and sealing laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/13/expungement-and-sealing-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | The 50-state chart of judicial relief mechanisms from the NACDL Restoration of Rights Resource, which is also posted on this site, is a comprehensive survey of all authorities for judicial relief in the states and federal system. We wanted to bring it to our readers' attention in light of the new federal interest in helping individuals
- [50-state survey of relief from sex offender registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/14/50-state-survey-of-relief-provisions-affecting-sex-offender-registration/) - By Margaret | We have prepared a new 50-state chart detailing the provisions for termination of the obligation to register as a sex offender in each state and under federal law. This project was inspired by Wayne Logan's recent article in the Wisconsin Law Review titled "Database Infamia: Exit from the Sex Offender Registries,” discussed on this site on
- ["Future Interrupted": The collateral damage of juvenile adjudications](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/04/future-interrupted-the-collateral-damage-of-juvenile-adjudications/) - By Riya Shah | 1.5 million children are arrested each year. At some point in each of these children’s lives, the record of their arrest or court involvement will impose barriers to education and employment. At least two-thirds of post-secondary institutions conduct background checks of prospective students. More than 90% of employers conduct background checks. And, many licensed occupations
- [New York certificates of relief fall short in practice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/02/29/new-york-certificates-of-relief-fall-short-in-practice/) - By CCRC Staff | New York's venerable certificate of relief scheme, which aims to mitigate the adverse collateral effects of criminal conviction, has served as a blueprint for certificate laws recently adopted in many other states. But are New York’s certificates actually effective at restoring rights and status? That is a question addressed in two new scholarly articles, both of which find that
- [SBA relaxes rule against business loans to probationers, while other federal agencies keep collateral consequences unchanged](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/30/sba-relaxes-rule-against-business-loans-to-probationers/) - By CCRC Staff | The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) last week published a final rule for its federal Microloan Program that will for the first time allow microloans to small businesses owned by someone currently on probation or parole. In its announcement, the SBA noted that this will "aid[] individuals with the highest barriers to traditional employment to
- [Wisconsin court rules for non-citizen years after her plea](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/03/03/wisconsin-court-rules-for-non-citizen-years-after-her-plea/) - By Michael Tobin | In an unusual case involving judicial failure to warn about the immigration consequences of a guilty plea, the Wisconsin Supreme Court has held that the likelihood of inadmissibility (as opposed to deportation) was sufficient to set aside three guilty pleas entered more than a decade before. State v. Valadez, 216 WI 4 (Jan. 28, 2016).
- [New York Bar adopts reentry recommendations](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/02/12/ny-bar-adopts-reentry-recommendations/) - By Alan Rosenthal | In 2012 newly elected President of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA), Seymour James, Jr., drew upon his 38 years of experience at the Legal Aid Society of New York City to establish a Special Committee on Reentry and appointed committee members who would spend the next three years researching and studying issues relating
- [Mexico vacations out for sex offenders?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/29/mexico-vacations-not-sex-offenders/) - By CCRC Staff | It appears that Mexico has inaugurated a policy of refusing entry to anyone registered in the United States as a sex offender. While no formal policy has been announced, the body of anecdotal evidence supporting the existence of an informal policy is growing. In numerous internet postings, vacationers report being turned back at the border
- [Updated North Carolina relief guide now available](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/10/21/updated-north-carolina-relief-guide-now-available/) - By John Rubin | At long last I have released the 2015 edition of my online guide to relief from a criminal conviction in North Carolina. This free guide, available here from the UNC School of Government, covers the various forms of relief available under North Carolina law, including expunctions, certificates of relief, petitions to restore firearm rights and
- [How a parent's criminal record limits children](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/06/6767/) - By Margaret | “The barriers associated with having a criminal record do not just result in lifelong punishment for the parent with the record; they also can significantly limit a child’s life chances.” This is according to a new report by the Center for American Progress that examines the multi-generational effects of collateral consequences and the cycle of
- [Judge Gleeson stepping down from the bench](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/04/judge-gleeson-stepping-down/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Daily News reports that Federal District Judge John Gleeson is stepping down from the bench to practice law. Judge Gleeson may be best known to the public for his prosecution of mob boss John Gotti more than two decades ago, but while on the bench he has been a champion for sentencing
- [Medicare Employment Exclusions and Criminal Records: Good and Bad News](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/05/medicare-employment-exclusions-and-criminal-records-good-and-bad-news/) - By Yvelisse Pelotte | Yvelisse Pelotte, a staff attorney at Community Legal Services of Philadelphia, has drafted a survey and analysis of the barriers to employment in Medicare-funded programs and facilities for people with a criminal record, which is posted below. While some of these exclusions are short-term and others can be waived by the Secretary of HHS, the
- [Connecticut's trail-blazing Gov. Dannel Malloy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2016/01/04/connecticuts-trail-blazing-reforms/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Times published a terrific editorial today describing in detail the extraordinary work being done by Governor Dannel Malloy and others in Connecticut to reform the system of criminal punishment, and to assist those with a criminal record get jobs and qualify for other benefits and opportunities. Rather than try to summarize all
- [Criminal records and immigration in Europe and the U.S.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/12/08/international/) - By CCRC Staff | What are the emerging trends in Europe and the United States in considering a person's past criminal record for purposes of travel, work and residency? Professor James Jacobs of NYU Law School and three co-authors have just posted on SSRN a fascinating article titled Criminal Records and Immigration: Comparing the United States and the European
- [President issues order announcing reentry initiatives](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/11/02/president-issues-order-announcing-reentry-initiatives/) - By CCRC Staff | On November 2, the President issued an executive order announcing a series of steps to encourage reentry and rehabilitation of individuals who have recently been released from prison. Among other things, the order establishes a National Clean Slate Clearinghouse, and authorizes technical assistance to legal aid programs and public defender offices "to build capacity for legal
- [Obama again signals "expect few pardons from me"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/10/23/obama-again-signals-expect-no-pardons-from-me/) - By CCRC Staff | Yesterday President Obama participated in a panel discussion of criminal justice issues moderated by Bill Keller of The Marshall Project and streamed to the public. While the subject of clemency did not come up during the videotaped panel discussion, in a prior interview with Keller the President said that he intended to "speed up the process"
- [Federal judge expunges conviction to avoid collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/28/federal-judge-expunges-conviction-to-avoid-collateral-consequences/) - By Margaret | In what appears to be an unprecedented action (at least if it stands), a federal judge has expunged the concededly valid conviction of a woman he sentenced 13 years before, whose difficulties in finding and keeping employment evidently moved him to take extraordinary measures. In Doe v. United States, Judge John Gleeson (EDNY) commented on the
- ["Old Writ Could Give Ex-Offenders a New Start"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/10/09/old-writ-could-give-ex-offenders-a-new-start/) - By CCRC Staff | Joe Palazzolo has posted at the Wall Street Journal Blog an article describing an amicus brief filed yesterday in United States v. Jane Doe (Jane Doe II), one of two federal expungement cases before Judge John Gleeson that we've been following. Argument in Jane Doe II is now scheduled for October 26. (The government has appealed
- [Another federal expungement case from Brooklyn - is this the beginning of a trend?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/10/10/another-federal-expungement-case-from-brooklyn-is-this-the-beginning-of-a-trend/) - By Margaret | On October 8, a former chief judge of the Eastern District of New York held that he was “constrained by controlling precedent” to deny the expungement petition of a woman who feared that her 23-year-old fraud conviction would prevent her from obtaining a nurse’s license. See Stephenson v. United States, No. 10-MC-712. Judge Raymond Dearie declined to find
- [While DOJ appeals his expungement order, Judge Gleeson's other expungement case goes forward](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/22/while-doj-appeals-his-expungement-order-judge-gleesons-other-expungement-case-goes-forward/) - By CCRC Staff | The Justice Department has decided to pursue its appeal of Judge John Gleeson's May 21 order expunging the conviction of a woman who could not keep a job because of her criminal record. Its brief in U.S. v. Doe (Jane Doe I) can be accessed here. Meanwhile, briefing is underway in Judge Gleeson's second expungement
- [After prison, a lifetime of discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/30/after-prison-a-lifetime-of-discrimination/) - By CCRC Staff | The problem of mass incarceration was highlighted by the Pope's visit last week to a Philadelphia jail, and by an HBO Special that aired earlier this week on the President's visit last summer to a federal prison. But the public has not yet had an occasion to focus on the broader and deeper problem of
- [New York governor adopts progressive collateral consequences agenda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/23/new-york-governor-adopts-progressive-collateral-consequences-agenda/) - By CCRC Staff | Governor Cuomo has accepted all 12 recommendations made by his Council on Community Re-entry and Reintegration. The Council was created in July 2014 and tasked with "identifying barriers formerly incarcerated people face and making recommendations for change." Governor Cuomo's 12 executive actions include: adoption of anti-discrimination guidance for public housing; adoption of uniform guidelines for evaluating candidates
- [The many faces of expungement in America](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/19/the-many-faces-of-expungement/) - By CCRC Staff | An article from The Marshall Project published on September 17 got us thinking about the elusive term "expungement" and what it really means, both functionally and philosophically. In "Five Things You Didn’t Know About Clearing Your Record: A primer on the complicated road to expungement," Christie Thompson describes an unusual class action lawsuit recently filed by a public-spirited
- [White House criticizes occupational licensing restrictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/15/white-house-criticizes-occupational-licensing-restrictions/) - By Margaret | Occupational licensing requirements pose more of a barrier to employment than ever before, and perhaps no group of the population has been more affected by these barriers than people with criminal histories. About 25% of the country's workforce is now employed in a field that requires a state occupational license, and many of these licenses take
- [Slate asks why presidents are granting less clemency; Justice answers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/05/slate-asks-why-presidents-are-granting-less-clemency/) - By CCRC Staff | Slate has posted a new piece by Leon Neyfakh entitled "The Pardon Process Is Broken." The piece points out that "presidents are granting clemency far less often than they once did," and asks "Why?" It answers its own question by distilling an article by Margaret Love to be published in the Toledo Law Review, which
- [DOJ argues federal court has no power to expunge](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/09/04/doj-argues-federal-court-has-no-power-to-expunge/) - By Margaret | What relief is available for people with a federal conviction who cannot find or keep a job? Part of the answer may soon be found in two cases from Brooklyn that raise the question whether a federal judge has the power to expunge a conviction whose validity is conceded. In the first case, U.S. v.
- [Should DOJ be gatekeeper of president's pardon power?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/08/31/should-doj-be-gatekeeper-of-presidents-pardon-power/) - By CCRC Staff | Last week Sentencing Law & Policy highlighted a new article by CCRC director Margaret Love that examines the Justice Department's historical role in administering the president's pardon power. The article ("Justice Department Administration of the President's Pardon Power: A Case Study in Institutional Conflict of Interest") concludes that an institutional conflict of interest has made Justice a
- [Clemency is Not the Answer (Updated)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/17/clemency-is-not-the-answer-updated/) - By Margaret | This piece was originally published in The Crime Report on July 13, and republished in revised form on July 16. On Monday President Obama announced in a video address that he had commuted the sentences of 46 people sentenced to long prison terms for drug offenses. His counsel, Neil Eggleston, stated that “While I expect the President
- [Book review: "The Eternal Criminal Record"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/08/24/book-review-the-eternal-criminal-record/) - By Jordan Hyatt | Nobody disputes that an enormous number of Americans have a criminal record. For people with a criminal past, a segment of the population that in some cases faces a laundry list of social and economic challenges, these records define - and limit - their ability to reintegrate into the community. This is a complex policy
- [Amicus invited in federal expungement case](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/08/07/amicus-invited-in-federal-expungement-case/) - By CCRC Staff | For those following developments in the federal expungement case currently pending before Judge John Gleeson in the Eastern District of New York, Jane Doe v. United States (Jane Doe II), the following order was entered by the court on August 6: ORDER: Margaret Love, a nationally-recognized authority on collateral consequences and co-author of the treatise Collateral
- [Why should expungement be limited to "nonviolent" crimes?   Dissecting the REDEEM Act (II)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/29/should-violent-convictions-be-expunged-why-the-redeem-act-eligibility-provisions-should-be-amended/) - By CCRC Staff | The REDEEM Act currently in committee in the U.S. Senate provides the first authority for "sealing" federal criminal records since the repeal of the Youth Corrections Act in 1984. As we described in an earlier post, the Act would provide significant relief from many of the collateral consequences imposed on those with a federal rap sheet. But
- [Federal expungement case gets curiouser and curiouser](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/29/federal-expungement-case-gets-curiouser-and-curiouser/) - By CCRC Staff | Visitors to this site are familiar with the expungement order issued by Federal District Judge John Gleeson on May 21. See Jane Doe v. United States, now on appeal to the Second Circuit. A second Jane Doe, a codefendant of the first, applied for expungement on June 23, and on June 29 Judge Gleeson ordered
- [Why we need a federal expungement law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/03/why-we-need-a-federal-expungement-law/) - By Sharon Dietrich | This article originally appeared at TalkPoverty.org under the title "New Ruling Highlights Why We Need the REDEEM Act" On May 21, U.S. District Judge John Gleeson ordered the expungement of the 13-year-old federal fraud conviction of “Jane Doe,” a Brooklyn home health aide. His decision received national attention for being unprecedented in the federal courts, which
- [Insurance companies undermine fair hiring efforts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/13/insurance-companies-undermine-fair-hiring-efforts/) - By CCRC Staff | An investigation by the Wall Street Journal reveals the little-known role that insurance companies play in shaping employer policies on hiring people with a criminal record. Joe Palazzolo reports in "Criminal Records Haunt Hiring Initiative" that the "unseen hand of commercial insurers" frustrates efforts by some employers to implement fair hiring policies, and gives others
- [President declares U.S. a "nation of second chances" but issues no pardons](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/14/president-declares-u-s-a-nation-of-second-chances-but-issues-no-pardons/) - By Margaret | In commuting the sentences of 46 individuals serving long drug sentences, President Obama declared that America is a "nation of second chances" in a video address posted on the White House website. But that sunny optimism about our country's willingness to forgive hasn't led him to grant very many pardons, the relief whose purpose is
- ["Poised to commute dozens of sentences, Obama remains the ‘Scrooge’ of pardons"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/13/poised-to-commute-dozens-of-sentences-obama-remains-the-scrooge-of-pardons/) - By CCRC Staff | Yahoo News has published a piece by its chief investigative reporter Michael Isikoff commenting on how few pardons President Obama has granted, and how backed up the Justice Department's pardon office seems to be. He illustrates the problem of presidential inaction with the case of Sala Udin, a Pittsburgh community activist and former City Council member,
- [Monster and other job sites sued for excluding people with convictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/09/monster-and-other-job-sites-sued-for-excluding-people-with-convictions/) - By Margaret | A New York City chapter of the NAACP filed a class action suit last month against a number of employers and prominent online job sites, claiming that job listings explicitly barring applicants with felony convictions violate city and state law. Industry giants Monster, Indeed, and ZipRecruiter are among the defendants. Accompanying the complaint are listings from those sites that seek IT engineers and
- [New federal expungement filing raises stakes for DOJ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/07/new-federal-expungement-case-raises-stakes-for-doj/) - By Margaret | Not surprisingly, in the wake of U.S. District Judge John Gleeson's extraordinary May 21 expungement order in Doe v. U.S., another petition asking for the same relief has now been filed with Judge Gleeson. Also not surprisingly, since this new petition was filed by one of Ms. Doe's co-defendants, the underlying facts in this second petition are similar. The
- [Wisconsin considering redacting youthful dismissed charges](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/07/04/wisconsin-considering-redacting-dismissed-charges-for-youthful-offenders/) - By Michael Tobin | As part of budget deliberations, the Wisconsin Legislature’s Joint Finance Commitment approved a provision that would allow courts to remove records of certain dismissed charges from the computerized statewide records system. Under current law, although certain conviction records of youthful defendants may be expunged, anomalously dismissed charges remain accessible. The new provision would allow a judge
- [Canadian travel restrictions based on criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/18/traveling-to-canada-with-a-criminal-record/) - By Marisa Feil | Most Americans can freely visit Canada. However, if you have a criminal history, you may be refused entry. This post describes the circumstances in which a criminal record (including DUIs) will result in your being inadmissible even as a visitor, how long inadmissibility lasts, and what you can do to regain the right to travel
- [Dissecting the REDEEM Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/30/dissecting-the-redeem-act/) - By Margaret | The REDEEM Act, introduced in the US Senate in March by Senators Corey Booker (D–NJ) and Rand Paul (R–KY), seeks to expand employment opportunities for those with federal criminal records by giving federal courts sealing authority. Because courts have generally held they do not have inherent authority to seal records -- at least where an arrest or conviction
- [Collateral consequences a legacy of slavery](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/25/collateral-consequences-a-legacy-of-slavery/) - By Margaret | The debased legal and social status that results from criminal conviction is visited disproportionately on African-Americans. Collateral consequences are the vehicle by which this country now imposes a permanent servitude on the descendants of those who were once literally owned by other human beings. Mass conviction no less than mass incarceration is a legacy of
- [White House escort insults and humiliates people with a record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/26/white-house-escort-insults-and-humiliates-people-with-a-record/) - By Glenn Martin | June 25, 2015 President Barack Obama 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest Washington, DC 20500 Dear President Obama, I write to you as a national leader, criminal justice reform advocate, and founder of JustLeadershipUSA, a bold new organization dedicated to cutting the US correctional population in half by 2030 on the guiding principle that those closest to
- [DOJ on the fence about appealing federal judge's expungement order](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/26/doj-on-the-fence-about-appealing-federal-judges-expungement-order/) - By CCRC Staff | On June 23, the U.S. Attorney wrote to Judge Gleeson informing him that the government had not yet finally decided whether to appeal his May 21 expungement order in Doe v. United States, and requesting an opportunity to address the scope of the order in the event the appeal is withdrawn. The government's letter, reproduced
- [Pardon Attorney says clock is ticking on Obama clemency initiative](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/25/pardon-attorney-says-clock-is-ticking-on-obama-clemency-initiative/) - By Margaret | The Justice Department is urging lawyers for federal prisoners to move quickly to file clemency petitions for their clients, lest the clock run out before the end of the President's term. U.S. Pardon Attorney Deborah Leff told volunteer lawyers in a video seminar last week that petitions not submitted until Obama's final year may not be
- [Federal judge's extraordinary expungement order will be appealed](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/22/justice-to-appeal-federal-judges-extraordinary-expungement-order/) - By CCRC Staff | Joe Palazzolo over at the Wall Street Journal blog reports that the Justice Department will appeal Judge John Gleeson's extraordinary May 28 expungement order in U.S. v. Doe, described on this site earlier this month. We reprint Joe's piece in full below, since it highlights the disconnect between the Justice Department's avowed concern with reentry
- [Ban-the-box featured on PBS NewsHour](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/22/ban-the-box-featured-on-pbs-newshour/) - By CCRC Staff | On June 17 the PBS NewsHour featured a debate over ban-the-box policies in hiring. Daryl Atkinson, an attorney with the Southern Coalition for Justice in Raleigh, North Carolina, presented the case in favor of eliminating threshold questions about criminal record on employment applications. Elizabeth Milito of the National Federal of Independent Business argued the other
- [Should guilty corporations avoid collateral consequences?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/08/why-should-guilty-corporations-avoid-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | In the June 2 issue of the New York Law Journal, Robert J. Anello and Richard F. Albert argue that "criminal law concepts designed to punish human beings—bad boys and girls—are ill-suited to corporate beings." They point out that corporations convicted of crime are rarely required to live with the kind of collateral consequences that result in loss of
- [Should clemency substitute for the rule of law?  "A Modest Proposal" says no](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/06/should-clemency-substitute-for-the-rule-of-law-a-modest-proposal-says-no/) - By CCRC Staff | We cross-post a recent comment about the Obama clemency initiative from Professor Doug Berman's Sentencing Law and Policy blog because it proposes to supplement the constitutional pardon power with a relief mechanism built into the legal system (there, a sentence reduction by the court rather than presidential commutation). It reflects the institutional and practical concerns of
- [Managing collateral consequences in the sentencing process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/06/managing-collateral-consequences-in-the-sentencing-process/) - By CCRC Staff | A new paper by CCRC editor Margaret Love describes how the newly revised sentencing articles of the Model Penal Code manage collateral collateral consequences by integrating them into the sentencing process. The article, published in the Wisconsin Law Review, compares the new MPC provisions with the collateral consequences provisions of the original 1962 Code. Here is
- [Why shouldn't everybody with a felony conviction be allowed to vote?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/01/why-shouldnt-everybody-with-a-felony-conviction-be-allowed-to-vote/) - By CCRC Staff | The editors of the New York Times are critical of Maryland Governor Larry Hogan's recent veto of a law that would have allowed anyone with a felony conviction to vote if they are living in the free community. See "A Bad Voting Ban," June 1, 2015. Maryland's law now disenfranchises anyone convicted of a “felony
- [Obama clemency process reportedly "more backlogged than it was before"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/06/01/obama-clemency-process-reportedly-more-backlogged-than-ever/) - By CCRC Staff | USA Today reports that unexpected administrative complications continue to delay the clemency initiative launched by the Obama administration last year. More than a year after the Justice Department sought assistance from private organizations in identifying federal prisoners deserving of sentence commutation, that ancillary process has submitted only 31 cases for favorable presidential action. In light of
- [Professional careers jeopardized by old charges](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/20/professional-careers-jeopardized-by-old-charges/) - By Michael Tobin | A local office of the Wisconsin State Public Defender recently assisted two former clients who encountered obstacles with their respective legal and medical careers (minor details have been changed to ensure client confidentiality). These examples show that old criminal cases, even for relatively minor charges, can cause employment difficulties and frustrate professional advancement many years
- [Collateral consequences of conviction in Greece](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/20/collateral-consequences-of-conviction-in-greece/) - By CCRC Staff | Collateral Consequences of Conviction in Greece[1] by Dimitra Blitsa 1. Access to Greek Criminal Records In Greece, a criminal record is created for every adult[2] person who has been irrevocably convicted of a misdemeanor or a felony (i.e. by a decision not subject to an appeal before the Supreme Court). Unlike in the U.S. but
- [Copyright dispute roils federally-funded database of collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/19/copyright-dispute-embroils-federally-funded-database-of-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | Should a compilation of collateral consequences mandated by federal law and prepared with federal funds be freely available to states and members of the public? The Uniform Law Commission says yes, the American Bar Association says no. In an article posted on May 18, the Wall Street Journal pulled back the curtain on an on-going dispute between
- ["Database Infamia: Exit from the Sex Offender Registries"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/15/database-infamia-exit-from-the-sex-offender-registries/) - By CCRC Staff | Update (5/14/15): We have published a 50 state chart detailing relief from registration requirements on the Restoration of Rights page. The chart is based in part on Wayne Logan’s work. You can find the chart at this link. There has been a lot of discussion about how one gets ON a sex offender registry. Now Wayne Logan
- [Relief from sex offender registration and notification requirements](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/04/relief-sex-offender-registration-notification-requirements/) - By CCRC Staff | Update (5/14/15): We have published a 50 state chart detailing relief from registration requirements on the Restoration of Rights page. The chart is based in part on Wayne Logan's work. You can find the chart at this link. Wayne Logan has summarized his research on relief from sex offender registration and community notification requirements for a forthcoming
- [Georgia high court extends Padilla to parole eligibility](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/14/georgia-high-court-extends-padilla-to-parole-eligibility/) - By CCRC Staff | The Supreme Court of Georgia has extended the doctrine of Padilla v. Kentucky to a failure to advise about parole eligibility. In Alexander v. State, decided on May 11, a defendant sentenced to a 15-year prison term for child molestation sought to set aside his guilty plea on grounds that his defense counsel had not
- [Collateral consequences and the curious case of Mark Wahlberg](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/06/collateral-consequences-pardon-case-mark-wahlberg/) - By Margaret | Actor-producer Mark Wahlberg has filed an application for pardon with the Governor of Massachusetts, seeking forgiveness for a 25-year old assault conviction that occurred when he was 16 years old. The "onetime ruffian from Dorchester" bases his request for pardon on his rehabilitation and contributions to society since his conviction. He also specifies his
- [27 Senators urge Obama to "ban the box" in federal hiring](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/11/27-senators-urge-obama-to-ban-the-box-in-federal-hiring/) - By CCRC Staff | A group of 27 U.S. Senators have written to President Obama urging him to implement "fair chance" hiring in federal government employment. The Senators -- all Democrats, led by Sherrod Brown (D-OH) and Cory Booker (D-NJ) -- asked the President to issue an executive order directing federal agencies and contractors to postpone inquiry into criminal
- [Collateral consequences and the transforming effect of the drug war](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/03/collateral-consequences-and-the-transforming-effect-of-the-drug-war/) - By Margaret | Amid last week's torrent of commentary about the downstream effects of the punitive policies of the 1990s came this extraordinary interview with David Simon of the Wire, who attributes the breakdown of community in Baltimore to the aggressive abuse of official discretion in the drug war. While Simon's remarks are not directly related to collateral
- [Federal agencies reportedly (mostly) satisfied with their collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/08/federal-agencies-reportedly-mostly-satisfied-collateral-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | In 2013, the Justice Department launched its Smart on Crime Initiative, which included a call for federal agencies to review collateral consequences in their own rules and policies, to determine which could be narrowed or amended without jeopardizing public safety. According to an NPR report, the results of that long-anticipated review are now in: Amy Solomon was appointed by
- [Leaked White House memos detail president's pardon policy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/05/04/white-house-pardon-policy-detailed-in-2010-memo/) - By CCRC Staff | USA Today has published a White House document detailing President Obama's policy on granting clemency, including both sentence commutation and post-sentence pardons. In a memorandum dated July 13, 2010 to the Acting Deputy Attorney General, White House Counsel Robert Bauer "convey[ed] the President's views" on the exercise of his constitutional pardon power, affirming traditional standards
- [Increase in Delaware pardons "driven by getting jobs"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/27/delaware-pardons-increase-driven-by-getting-jobs/) - By CCRC Staff | Delaware Governor Jack Markell has granted more than 1500 pardons in his six years in office, substantially more than any of his predecessors. According to articles by Chris Barrish and Jonathan Starkey in the Delaware News Journal, the "dramatic increase" in the number of people applying for pardon in Delaware has been "driven by getting jobs."
- [Vermont becomes the 16th state to ban the box!](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/27/vermont-becomes-the-16th-state-to-ban-the-box/) - By CCRC Staff | On April 22 Vermont became the 16th state to remove the question about criminal record from most state employment applications. By Executive Order of Governor Peter Shumlin, people applying for most state jobs will not be required to undergo a background check until after they have been deemed qualified and offered an interview.
- [Is suspension of driving privileges an effective way to collect unpaid fines?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/21/is-suspension-of-driving-privileges-an-effective-way-to-collect-unpaid-fines/) - By Michael Tobin | No, according to a recent study of efforts to enforce monetary judgments in a Milwaukee municipal court and to a national organization with expertise in traffic safety. The Justice Initiative Institute reviewed non-criminal, municipal cases from 2008-2013 in which the Milwaukee court had ordered the detention of defendants for not having paid fines. Not surprisingly,
- ["Preventing Background Screeners from Reporting Expunged Criminal Cases"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/17/preventing-background-screeners-from-reporting-expunged-criminal-cases/) - By CCRC Staff | In an article published this week by the Shriver Center, Preventing Background Screeners from Reporting Expunged Criminal Cases, Sharon Dietrich offers helpful advice for advocates on to how to combat the problem posed by the reporting of expunged and sealed criminal records by private commercial background screening services. Her advice is based partly on her own
- [Federal fair chance hiring proposal advances](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/06/federal-fair-chance-hiring-proposal-advances/) - By CCRC Staff | The following note was received today from the National Employment Law Project: We wanted to report back on the exciting progress in support of the federal fair chance hiring initiative, which builds on the momentum from the sign-on letter to the President that your organizations endorsed. On March 25th, representatives from NELP, All of Us
- [India's History Sheet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/04/06/indias-history-sheet/) - By James B. Jacobs | The following post concerns the use of police records in India, which are (like police records in this country) generally not available to the public, yet have important implications for individual privacy. In a later piece the authors will discuss Indian policy and practice on court records, which are publicly available and may be used
- [Should a criminal record ruin a career?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/27/should-a-criminal-record-ruin-a-career/) - By CCRC Staff | The Atlantic has published an excellent article about the permanently disabling effects of a criminal record, by two attorneys at the East Bay Community Law Center (Oakland, CA), Sarah Crowley and Alex Bender (an Equal Justice Works AmeriCorps Fellow). Haunted by the Past: A Criminal Record Shouldn't Ruin a Career, March 25, 2015. The authors
- [Michigan takes baby steps on criminal justice reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/09/michigan-takes-baby-steps-criminal-justice-reform/) - By Heather Garretson | Michigan spends one in five tax dollars on corrections so the state continues to explore strategies to safely reduce these costs. In its most recent session, the legislature considered bold criminal justice reforms, but strenuous last minute objections from the Attorney General succeeded in halting much of the reform agenda. In the end, only a few
- [President plans "aggressive" use of pardon power to commute drug sentences but perhaps not to relieve collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/24/president-says-he-intends-to-use-pardon-power-more-aggressively-in-coming-months/) - By CCRC Staff | For the third time in six weeks, President Obama has spoken on the record about his intention to make more "aggressive" use of his pardon power in the final months of his term to commute long drug sentences. It appears he really means it -- and the only thing that may stop him from setting
- [New York Times editors question efficacy of expungement laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/19/new-york-times-editors-question-efficacy-of-expungement-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | In an editorial titled "Job Hunting With a Criminal Record," the editors of the New York Times tackle the problem of employment discrimination against the estimated 70 million Americans who "carry the burden of a criminal record." They question the efficacy of expungement and other popular "forgetting" strategies for dealing with employer aversion to risk, preferring the
- [President promises a more "open" pardon process, more pardon grants](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/11/president-promises-a-more-open-pardon-process-more-pardon-grants/) - By CCRC Staff | During a Town Hall in South Carolina on March 6, President Obama spoke for the second time in recent weeks about his intention to use his pardon power more generously in the final two years of his term. Responding to a criminal defense attorney who asked what she could do to "increase the number of federal pardons,"
- [When is a sex offender not a sex offender in Ohio?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/12/when-is-a-sex-offender-not-a-sex-offender-in-ohio/) - By CCRC Staff | The Ohio Supreme Court is considering whether a young man whose conviction requires him to register as a sex offender should be excused from this collateral consequence on grounds that it violates the state constitution's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. The transcript of the March 10 oral argument in Blankenship v. State of Ohio, Case no. 2014-0363,
- [New York Times weighs in on college applications and criminal records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/15/new-york-times-weighs-in-on-college-applications-and-criminal-records/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Times has published an editorial about the recently issued report of the Center for Community Alternatives on the deterrent effect of questions about criminal records on applications for admission to the State University of New York. (See the piece about the report "Boxed Out: Criminal History Screening and College Attrition" by CCA
- [State courts question mandatory lifetime sex offender registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/04/state-courts-question-mandatory-lifetime-sex-offender-registration/) - By CCRC Staff | Notwithstanding the Supreme Court's decisions in Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe, 538 U.S. 1 (2003) and Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003), state courts are coming to different conclusions under their own constitutions about whether sex offender registration and notification laws constitute punishment for purposes of due process and ex post facto analysis. The Pennsylvania Supreme
- [Expungement of criminal records in Europe (Spain)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/21/expunging-criminal-records-europe-spain/) - By James B. Jacobs | This is the fourth post in a series about European law and policy on criminal records by Professors Jacobs and Larrauri. Prior posts noted that public access is never allowed where a record has been expunged. This post discusses the types of records that are eligible for expungement, how the expungement process works, and what
- [Canada stiffens policy on  sealing of criminal records - but it still looks pretty liberal from here](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/23/canada-stiffens-policy-sealing-criminal-records-still-looks-pretty-liberal/) - By Margaret | A couple of news items about an increase in clemency applications in Canada made me curious to learn more about how restoration of rights works in our Northern neighbor. Canada has long had a policy of virtually automatic sealing of criminal records through what is known as a "record suspension" (before 2012, called a "pardon").
- [Expanding college opportunities for prisoners in California](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/09/expanding-college-opportunities-for-prisoners-in-california/) - By Alan Rosenthal | Last week was an exciting one for proponents of the expansion of college opportunities for people who are currently incarcerated or who have criminal records. Two reports were released that propose strategies to break the cycle of recidivism, promote public safety, and de-escalate mass incarceration by opening up post-secondary educational opportunities. It is fitting that
- [Criminal history screening in college applications](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/04/boxed-out-criminal-history-screening-and-college-application-attrition/) - By Alan Rosenthal | Last week the Center for Community Alternatives in cooperation with the Education from the Inside Out Coalition released Boxed Out: Criminal History Screening and College Application Attrition. With this new study and report we build upon our 2010 study, The Use of Criminal History Records in College Admissions Reconsidered. The Reconsidered study showed that a
- [Wisconsin attorneys volunteer to help students facing expulsion](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/03/03/wisconsin-attorneys-volunteer-to-help-students-facing-expulsion/) - By Michael Tobin | Expulsion or suspension from school, not surprisingly, does not bode well for academic success. Students are much less likely to graduate when they miss significant time in school or have to change schools because they have been suspended or expelled. Incidents at school can have other serious and lasting consequences. In Wisconsin, because 17-year-olds are
- [Georgia becomes first state in South to ban the box](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/25/georgia-becomes-first-state-in-south-to-ban-the-box/) - By CCRC Staff | Goergia Governor Nathan Deal has signed an executive order making Georgia the first state in the South to ban the box in public employment. As reported on the "Inside Politics" blog of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Job seekers applying for work with the state of Georgia will no longer need to disclose prior criminal convictions on
- [Long waits for expungement frustrate public safety purposes](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/18/long-waits-for-expungement-frustrate-public-safety-purposes/) - By CCRC Staff | Recently, in commenting on a new expungement scheme enacted by the Louisiana legislature, we noted the disconnect between the stated reentry-related purposes of the law and its lengthy eligibility waiting periods. If people have to log many years of law-abiding conduct before they can even apply for this relief, it is not likely to be
- [Does discrimination based on criminal record make good business sense?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/19/does-discrimination-based-on-criminal-record-make-good-business-sense/) - By Glenn Martin | During the week of February 2, Professor James Jacobs posted a series of opinion pieces on The Volokh Conspiracy blog to promote his new book on criminal records. The basic argument advanced in these pieces, which condense the final two chapters of the book, is that “criminal record based employment discrimination is neither immoral nor
- [Another court invalidates federal felon-in-possession statute on Second Amendment grounds](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/19/another-court-invalidates-federal-felon-in-possession-statute-on-second-amendment-grounds/) - By CCRC Staff | A second federal court in Pennsylvania has held that the federal felon-in possession statute cannot constitutionally be applied to an individual convicted many years ago of a minor non-violent offense. In Suarez v. Holder, the district court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania held that a man convicted in 1990 of misdemeanor possession of an
- [California and Missouri restore food stamp eligibility for persons with felony convictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/15/california-and-missouri-restore-food-stamp-eligibility-for-persons-with-felony-convictions/) - By Margaret | In the past two weeks, both California and Missouri have passed laws allowing persons with a felony conviction to receive assistance under the federal TANF and SNAP programs. Federal law makes felony conviction grounds for ineligibility for food assistance programs, though federal law also allows state legislatures to opt out. States including Alabama and Virginia have also considered
- [American criminal record exceptionalism (I): A Spanish comparison](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/30/american-criminal-record-exceptionalism-spanish-comparison/) - By James B. Jacobs | A comparative perspective is extremely useful for appreciating the status of individual criminal record information in the U.S. In this and future blog posts, we would like to share information about criminal record law and policy in continental Europe and the U.K., including some important decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. We begin
- [Title VII protections based on criminal record are modest not coercive](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/17/title-vii-protections-based-criminal-record-modest-not-coercive/) - By Sharon Dietrich | In a recent series of posts on The Volokh Conspiracy blog promoting his book The Eternal Criminal Record, Professor James Jacobs “[speaks] strongly against a public policy that coerces private employers to ignore job applicants’ criminal records while leaving them to cover the costs imposed by ex-offender employees.” His arguments suggest that employers are being
- [Uber sued over illegal background checks and employee policies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/11/uber-sued-illegal-background-checks-employee-policies/) - By Meredith Desautels | In recent months, heightened attention has been paid to the background check practices of the ride-sharing company Uber. Concerns about the safety of Uber services prompted the District Attorney’s Offices of San Francisco and Los Angeles Counties to file suit last December against Uber for misleading customers about the scope of its driver background checks.
- [How much must a law school applicant disclose about his criminal record?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/12/much-must-law-school-applicant-disclose-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Court of Appeals is considering how candid a person must be about his prior criminal record when applying to law school. During oral argument on February 12 in Matter of Powers v. St. John's University School of Law, several judges raised public policy concerns over the law school's summary rescission of David Powers'
- [President promises more pardons (we think)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/11/president-obama-promises-pardons-think/) - By CCRC Staff | In a wide-ranging interview with Buzzfeed's Ben Smith posted on February 11, President Obama was asked about the employment difficulties faced by young black men with a felony record. His response suggests that he may be interested in addressing through his pardon power the problems faced by people with federal convictions seeking restoration of rights
- [Ohio pardons provide "only forgiveness, not forgetfulness"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/29/pardon-provides-forgiveness-ohio-court-laments/) - By Margaret | On January 28, 2015, the Ohio Supreme Court settled an issue it has toyed with for several years, relating to the inherent power of courts to seal criminal records. In State v. Radcliff, a closely divided court held that judicial power to seal a conviction record, including the record of a conviction that has been pardoned,
- [Retention of DNA Profiles and Fingerprints -- Europe and the U.S.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/04/retention-dna-profiles-fingerprints-europe-u-s/) - By James B. Jacobs | Comparing the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) 2008 decision in S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom with the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Maryland v. King provides a window on the very different legal status of criminal records in the Europe and U.S. S. and Marper also illuminates the growing chasm between the
- [Federal agencies urged to adopt fair hiring policies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/02/federal-agencies-urged-adopt-fair-hiring-policies/) - By Margaret | The National Employment Law Project (NELP) has published a white paper urging the federal government to increase its own employment of people with a criminal record. In "Advancing a Federal Fair Chance Hiring Agenda," Maurice Emsellem and Michelle Natividad Rodriguez make a strong case for a federal "fair chance" hiring initiative similar to the ones put in place by
- [The Eternal Criminal Record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/02/02/eternal-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | The Eternal Criminal Record is the title of Professor James Jacobs' new book, just out from Harvard University Press. This is the first comprehensive study of criminal records law and policy, and it deals with a range of contemporary legal and policy issues ranging from how records are created and disseminated, to how they are
- [Disclosure of nonconviction records may violate European Convention on Human Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/30/criminal-record-privacy-according-european-court-human-rights/) - By James B. Jacobs | This is the most recent in a series of posts by Professors James Jacobs and Elena Larrauri comparing criminal records disclosure policies in the United States and Europe. The decision of the European Court discussed below invalidated a policy of the United Kingdom authorizing broad disclosure of non-conviction records relating to child victims. (The U.K.'s
- [Expungement resources now online from Papillon Foundation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/26/expungement-resources-now-line-papillon-foundation/) - By CCRC Staff | Most people with a criminal record have a general understanding of the value of expunging or sealing their criminal records. However, figuring out how to actually obtain such relief in a particular jurisdiction, and understanding its specific effects, is not so easy. The Papillon Foundation aims to change that by offering practical internet-based information about
- [Moral panic over sex offenses results in cruel and self-defeating overpunishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/16/moral-panic-sex-offenses-results-cruel-self-defeating-overpunishment/) - By Nathan Goetting | National Lawyers Guild Review Editor-in-Chief Nathan Goetting has published a thought-provoking piece in the most recent issue of the Review, commenting on America's "moral panic" over sexual offenses, which has "created self-defeating policies, unconstitutional laws, and cruel punishments." Among those punishments are a plethora of collateral consequences that stigmatize and shame without regard to actual
- [A tale of two (or three) pardoners from Illinois](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/14/tale-two-three-pardoners-illinois/) - By Margaret | Illinois Governor Pat Quinn spent his first and last days in office considering pardons. On April 10, 2009, referring to the hundreds of cases left untouched by his impeached predecessor Rod Blagojevich, he declared that "Justice delayed is justice denied," and promised that "My administration is fully-committed to erasing this shameful log jam of cases
- [The "president's idle executive power" and collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/28/presidents-idle-executive-power-pardoning-2/) - By Margaret | In their Washington Post op ed on the President's neglect of his pardon power posted earlier on this site, Rachel Barkow and Mark Osler are critical of the Justice Department's bureaucratic process for processing applications for executive clemency, which they argue takes a very long time and yields very little. (The New York Times editorialized last year in
- [A pardon celebrates the life of a public defender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/29/pardon-celebrates-life-public-defender/) - By Margaret | One of the 12 pardons granted by President Obama on December 17 went to Albert Stork of Delta, Colorado, long-time advocate for indigent criminal defendants on the rural Western Slope. Al Stork pled guilty in 1987 to filing a false tax return, and served six months in federal prison. While his conviction came about in
- [International travel restrictions based on criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2015/01/02/international-travel-restrictions-based-criminal-record/) - By CCRC Staff | Below is another excerpt from the second edition of Love, Roberts & Klingele, Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction: Law, Policy & Practice (West/NACDL, 2d ed. 2015)(forthcoming), this one about restrictions on international travel based on criminal record. The first section discusses the subject in general terms, while the second section describes restrictions on travel to Canada
- [California's Proposition 47 and collateral consequences: Part II (reentry and restoration of rights)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/01/californias-proposition-47-collateral-consequences-part-ii-reentry-restoration-rights/) - By Eliza Hersh | Prop 47 and restoration of rights California’s recently enacted Proposition 47 fundamentally alters the landscape for a handful of lower-level felony offenses in California. As discussed by Jeffery Aaron in a previous post, Prop 47 reclassifies eight offenses as misdemeanors, including simple drug possession offenses and theft of less than $950. Anyone with a qualifying
- [Criminal records and the Obama immigration initiative](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/30/criminal-records-obama-immigration-initiative/) - By CCRC Staff | The National Immigration Project of the National Lawyers Guild and the Immigrant Legal Resource Center have published a practice advisory for criminal defense lawyers representing non-citizens seeking relief under the Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program announced by President Obama on November 20, 2014. DHS simultaneously announced new priorities for enforcement that will bar eligibility
- [How risky is pardoning?   Not as risky as committing uninformed journalism](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/15/risky-pardoning-not-risky-committing-uninformed-journalism/) - By Margaret | An AP story about the perils of pardoning, picked up by newspapers and media outlets across the country, manages to convey three pieces of misinformation in its very first sentence. Riffing off a recent high profile pardon application, it begins like this: "Mark Wahlberg's plea for a pardon has focused fresh attention on excusing criminal acts
- [Can a taxi license be revoked based on arrest alone?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/21/can-taxi-license-revoked-based-arrest-alone/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | I went to college, and practiced law, with Dan Ackman, an outstanding New York lawyer who represents taxi drivers in a variety of contexts. One of his cases, pending in the Southern District of New York, Nnebe v. Daus, challenges the TLC's alleged practice of automatic license suspension a upon arrest for a felony or specified misdemeanor, and
- ["Decades-long Arrest Wave Vexes Employers"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/17/decades-long-arrest-wave-vexes-employers/) - By CCRC Staff | The Wall Street Journal has been running a well-researched series by Gary Fields and John Emschwiller on the consequences of mass conviction. The installment last week ("Decades-long arrest wave vexes employers") describes the dilemma facing employers caught between legal limitations on who they can hire and legal obligations to be fair. Hiring the most capable
- [Wisconsin high court holds youthful offenders entitled to "a fresh start"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/19/wisconsin-high-court-holds-expungement-offers-youthful-offenders-fresh-start/) - By Michael Tobin | The Wisconsin statute that allows courts to expunge certain conviction records of youthful offenders, Wis. Stat. § 973.015, provides that the court must make its decision about whether to expunge at the time of sentencing, conditioned upon the defendant successfully completing his or her sentence. Often, young defendants receive a probationary term for crimes that
- ["One Strike and You're Out:" Center for American Progress reports on criminal records policy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/04/one-strike-youre-center-american-progresss-new-report-criminal-record-crisis/) - By Margaret | Earlier this week, the Center for American Progress published a new report on the effect of the proliferation of criminal records in a nation of mass incarceration and criminalization. The report ("One Strike and You’re Out: How We Can Eliminate Barriers to Economic Security and Mobility for People with Criminal Records") explores the debilitating effect
- [Q&A with CCRC Director Margaret Love](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/17/qa-ccrc-director-margaret-love/) - By CCRC Staff | The following interview was published on December 17, 2014, in the newsletter of the Council Of State Governments Justice Center. By Mai P. Tran, Program Associate Individuals returning home from prison face collateral consequences, or legal and policy restrictions, penalties, and disadvantages that impede their successful reentry and reintegration in their communities. Examples of such
- [Split NJ Supreme Court holds sex offender GPS tracking is punishment subject to ex post facto limits](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/20/split-nj-supreme-court-holds-that-states-sex-offender-gps-tracking-is-punishment-subject-to-ex-post-facto-limits/) - By CCRC Staff | As reported in this local article, headlined “Some sex offenders can’t be forced to wear GPS monitors, N.J. Supreme Court rules,” the top state court in the Garden State issued a significant constitutional ruling holding that New Jersey cannot force sex offenders to wear GPS tracking devises if they were convicted before the monitoring program
- [Sexting prosecutions derailed by concerns about collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/20/sexting-prosecutions-derailed-by-concern-over-employment-consequences/) - By CCRC Staff | The District Attorney of Oneida County (WI) has decided not to file criminal charges against forty teenagers implicated in a widespread sexting scandal in the Rhinelander school district. His decision was reportedly based on concerns raised by parents and others about the collateral consequences of a criminal record. In a joint press release, school officials and
- [New report describes public health consequences of incarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/28/new-report-describes-public-health-consequences-incarceration/) - By CCRC Staff | A new report from the Vera Institute, On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration, highlights the “contagious” health effects of incarceration on the already unstable communities to which most of the 700,000 inmates released from prison each year will return. The report argues that high rates of incarceration among residents in these
- [Discipline for schoolgirls differs by race and skin tone](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/11/school-discipline-girls-differs-race-skin-tone/) - By CCRC Staff | The New York Times this morning describes data from the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights showing that African-American girls tend to face more serious school discipline than white girls. "For all the attention placed on problems that black boys face in terms of school discipline and criminal justice, there is increasing focus on the
- ["Sex Offender Laws Have Gone Too Far"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/18/sex-offender-registries-gone-far/) - By CCRC Staff | We recently came across this five-part series on sex offender registries, written by three Yale Law School students and published by Slate.com. It traces the recent history of registries since the passage of the Jacob Wetterling Act in 1994, examines some of the fallacies and flawed stereotypes underlying the expansion of registries in the past 20
- [Second Amendment challenges to felon-in-possession laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/13/second-amendment-challenges-felony-dispossession-laws/) - By CCRC Staff | Below is another excerpt from the second edition of Love, Roberts & Klingele, Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction: Law, Policy & Practice (West/NACDL, 2d ed. 2015)(forthcoming), this one about challenges to firearms-related collateral consequences based on the constitutional right to bear arms. Criminal defense lawyers representing clients on felon-in-possession charges, and anyone seeking restoration of
- [Labels and stereotypes in the President's immigration speech](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/22/stereotypes-criminal-conviction-presidents-immigration-speech/) - By Margaret | The President’s decision to take unilateral executive action to insulate certain undocumented immigrants from the immediate threat of deportation has provoked outrage in some quarters and profound relief in others. The legal issues raised by this decision are important and debatable, some of its line-drawing is problematic, and its success stands or falls on the
- ["Justice Is Swift as Petty Crimes Clog Courts"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/07/justice-swift-petty-crimes-clog-courts/) - By Steve Zeidman | In a recent national study of case processing in the nation's misdemeanor courts, Wall Street Journal reporters Gary Fields and John Emschwiller document how "blindingly swift" justice is for the "millions of Americans charged each year with misdemeanor crimes": In Florida, misdemeanor courts routinely disposed of cases in three minutes or less, usually with a guilty
- [The New Southern Strategy Coalition works on criminal records reform in the South](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/12/02/new-southern-strategy-coalition-works-criminal-records-reform-south/) - By Roberta Meyers | “I don’t know why everyone is talking about the New Jim Crow; in the South the old one never went away.” – 2013 New Southern Strategy Coalition conference participant Introduction The New Southern Strategy Coalition is a collaborative network of Southern advocacy groups and their national allies, originally convened in 2011 and dedicated to reducing the negative consequences of
- [Ohio’s on-line inventory of collateral consequences - a useful tool for defense lawyers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/25/ohios-line-inventory-collateral-consequences-useful-tool-defense-lawyers/) - By Pamela Thurston | Kelley Williams-Bolar was a single mother in Akron Ohio, a teacher's aide who was studying to become a teacher herself. Her story made headlines in 2011, when she was accused of misusing her father's home address to enroll her two young daughters in a public school they were not entitled to attend. After her own
- [Reduced charge more harmful than original?  ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/24/reduced-charge-harmful-original/) - By Michael Tobin | An earlier post highlighted the dilemma that some young Wisconsin defendants face because of the narrow scope of the law on sealing conviction records. The court can seal the record of certain convictions, but the record of dismissed charges remains accessible to the public in a searchable online database. Therefore, the dismissal can increase the
- [More states rely on judicial expungement to avoid collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/07/more-states-rely-on-judicial-expungement-to-facilitate-reentry/) - By Margaret | Oklahoma is the most recent state to expand its expungement laws to make more people eligible for record-clearing at an earlier date. While the specific changes adopted by the Oklahoma legislature are relatively modest, involving reduced waiting periods and fewer disqualifying priors, they are significant as part of a national trend toward enlarging this type of "forgetting" relief for
- [Federal court embraces as-applied Second Amendment limit on federal felon-in-possession prohibition](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/21/federal-court-embraces-as-applied-second-amendment-limit-on-federal-felon-in-possession-prohibition/) - By Margaret | A federal district court in Philadelphia has issued the first decision to invalidate the federal felon-in-possession statute on constitutional grounds. The notable as-applied Second Amendment ruling comes in Binderup v. Holder, No. 13-cv-06750 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 25, 2014). Perhaps significantly, Binderup is a civil rights suit brought by an individual seeking relief from a minor
- [Special interests succeed in watering down NJ Opportunity to Compete Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/30/special-interests-succeed-watering-nj-opportunity-compete-act/) - By Todd A. Berger | In updating our book on New Jersey Collateral Consequences, J.C. Lore and I analyzed the provisions of New Jerseys' new Opportunity to Compete Act, signed by Governor Christie in August and scheduled to become effective on March 15, 2015. The Act applies a ban-the-box requirement to most public and private employers with more than
- [California's Proposition 47 and collateral consequences: Part I (sentencing consequences)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/20/collateral-consequences-californias-proposition-47-part-criminal-history-sentencing/) - By Jeffrey A. Aaron | In the general election on November 4, 2014, California voters approved Proposition 47 with almost 60% of the vote. The Proposition will impact a wide range of sentences in California courts, and in the federal courts as well. A number of crimes that could be, and often were, charged in California as felonies, such as
- ["The president’s idle executive power: pardoning"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/28/presidents-idle-executive-power-pardoning/) - By Margaret | As the presidential pardon of everyone's favorite Thanksgiving galliformes makes front-page news across the country (a tradition that the many human clemency petitioners who have spent years awaiting action must struggle to find the whimsy in), two law professors take the federal clemency system to task in a new Washington Post opinion piece. In the piece, professors
- [New reports evaluate national policy on juvenile record confidentiality](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/24/new-reports-evaluate-national-policy-juvenile-record-confidentiality-expungement-sealing/) - By Margaret | This month the Juvenile Law Center released an impressive pair of reports evaluating national policy on public access to juvenile criminal records. The first report, Juvenile Records: A National Review of State Laws on Confidentiality, Sealing and Expungement, provides a national overview of state laws, and proposes standards to mitigate exposure to collateral consequences as a result
- [Dismissed charges not always the best outcome?](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/13/dismissed-charges-not-always-the-best-outcome/) - By Michael Tobin | Which is a better outcome for a defendant in a criminal case: a) dismissal of all charges; or b) finding of guilt with probation or fine? Although most defendants and their attorneys would without hesitation choose option a), the choice is not always clear cut for some young defendants in in at least one Midwestern
- [Federal regulation of criminal background checking](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/19/federal-regulation-of-criminal-background-checking/) - By Michelle Natividad Rodriguez | Twenty years ago, criminal record background checks for employment were rare. Today, the easy accessibility of criminal records on the Internet, and the post-September 11th culture of heightened scrutiny, have contributed to a sharp increase in background checks of job candidates. If you’re applying for jobs in most industries, expect employers to ask about a criminal record
- [Minnesota project examines how different life would be with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/12/minnesota-project-examines-how-different-life-would-be-with-a-criminal-record/) - By Emily Baxter | One in four people in the United States has a criminal record. It’s a record used by the vast majority of employers, legislators, landlords, and licensing boards to craft policies and determine the character of an individual. In our electronic and data age, it typically does not disappear, regardless of how long it’s been or
- [The Democrat who would be the "Reentry President":  James Webb](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/23/democrat-reentry-president-james-webb/) - By Gabriel "Jack" Chin | This week's New Yorker features an article by Ryan Lizza about potential democratic candidates. One, James Webb, former U.S. Senator from Virginia, has a history of interest in prisons and reentry of people with convictions. The article states: "In the Senate, he pushed for creating a national commission that would study the American prison system, and
- [The Collateral Consequences Resource Center Goes Live! ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/17/the-collateral-consequences-resource-center-goes-live/) - By Margaret | The Collateral Consequences Resource Center website launches on Tuesday, November 18, 2014. We hope it will fill a growing need for information and advice about the modern phenomenon of mass conviction and the second-class citizenship it perpetuates. The legal system is only beginning to confront the fact that an increasing number of Americans have a criminal
- [Playing nice in criminal court:  "Crashing the Misdemeanor System"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/20/playing-nice-criminal-court-crashing-misdemeanor-system/) - By Steve Zeidman | As the Supreme Court recently acknowledged in Lafler v. Cooper (2012), American criminal justice “is for the most part a system of pleas, not a system of trials.” Nowhere is that statement truer than in the lower courts, where millions of misdemeanor arrests are resolved, or, to use the lingo of the criminal court, “disposed
- ["Second Chances for Teen Offenders"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/11/17/second-chances-for-teen-offenders/) - By Margaret | This New York Times editorial urges states to seal or expunge juvenile records "so that young offenders are not permanently impaired by their youthful transgressions." It describes a new study from the Juvenile Law Center that concludes "only a few states have ironclad systems prohibiting employers and members of the public from gaining access to [juvenile]
- [New York colleges told to "ban the box" on admissions form](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/20/new-york-colleges-told-to-ban-the-box-on-admissions-form/) - By Margaret | The website of the Center for Community Alternatives announces this important development involving college admissions: The campaign to eliminate barriers to higher education for people with criminal history records, led by the Education from the Inside Out Coalition, is gaining traction. Less than a month ago, the New York Times Editorial Board called for colleges
- [Civil rights lawsuit filed against rental complex for excluding people with a criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/24/civil-rights-lawsuit-filed-against-rental-complex-that-excludes-people-with-a-criminal-record/) - By Margaret | The Fortune Society has charged a Queens landlord with civil rights violations for refusing to rent to people with a criminal record. From the New York Times report on the lawsuit filed in federal district court on October 30: The lawsuit was brought against the owners and manager of the Sand Castle, a rental complex in
- [NY Times spotlights the growing popularity of “ban-the-box” laws ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/23/ny-times-spotlights-the-growth-and-effect-of-the-ban-the-box-fair-hiring-movement/) - By Margaret | An article on the front page of today’s New York Times describes the growing popularity of “ban-the-box” laws to help people with a criminal record get jobs. The article also discusses the massive hurdles to employment that many with a criminal conviction in their past — some of which are for minor offenses that are a decade
- [Gubernatorial candidate brings clemency issues to forefront of Maryland race](https://ccresourcecenter.org/2014/10/22/larry-hogan-brings-clemency-issues-to-the-forefront-of-the-maryland-gubernatorial-race/) - By Margaret | Larry Hogan, Republican candidate in the Maryland gubernatorial race, criticized current governor Martin O'Malley's sparing use of executive clemency and pardon power. As reported in the Washington Post: Republican Larry Hogan says a governor’s authority to commute sentences and pardon prisoners is an important power that he would rejuvenate if he is elected governor. Hogan

## Pages

- [Tennessee<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/tennessee-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Tennessee criminal conviction.
- [Oregon<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/oregon-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Oregon criminal conviction.
- [Oklahoma<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/oklahoma-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Oklahoma criminal conviction.
- [Idaho<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/idaho-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Idaho criminal conviction.
- [New Jersey<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/new-jersey-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a New Jersey criminal conviction.
- [California<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/california-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a California criminal conviction.
- [Colorado<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/colorado-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Colorado criminal conviction.
- [North Carolina<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/north-carolina-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a North Carolina criminal conviction.
- [Wyoming<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/wyomingrestoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Wyoming criminal conviction.
- [Federal<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/federalrestoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a U.S. federal criminal conviction
- [Ohio<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/ohio-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Ohio criminal conviction.
- [Nevada<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/nevada-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Nevada criminal conviction.
- [Illinois<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/illinois-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Illinois criminal conviction.
- [Minnesota<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/minnesota-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Minnesota criminal conviction.
- [Arizona<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/arizona-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Arizona criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison: Pardon Policy & Practice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisoncharacteristics-of-pardon-authorities-2/) - Section 1 categorizes jurisdictions by frequency and regularity of their pardon practice. Section 2 provides a chart comparing pardon policy and practice across jurisdictions. Section 3 sorts jurisdictions by how the administration of the power is structured. Section 4 provides state-by-state summaries of pardon policy and practice, with links to more detailed analysis and legal
- [Utah<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/utah-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Utah criminal conviction.
- [Washington<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/washington-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Washington criminal conviction.|
- [South Dakota<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/south-dakota-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a South Dakota criminal conviction.
- [North Dakota<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/north-dakota-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a North Dakota criminal conviction.
- [Massachusetts<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/massachusetts-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Massachusetts criminal conviction.
- [Arkansas<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/arkansas-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Last updated: October 27, 2025 I. Loss and restoration of civil/firearms rights A. Vote The right to vote is lost upon conviction of a felony, and automatically restored upon completion of sentence, including any term of probation or parole, and payment of fines and restitution. Ark. Const. art. III, §§ 1 (lawful registration
- [Nebraska<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/nebraska-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Nebraska criminal conviction.
- [Alabama<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/alabama-restoration-rights-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Alabama criminal conviction.
- [Rhode Island <BR /> Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/rhode-island-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Rhode Island criminal conviction.
- [Connecticut<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/connecticut-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Connecticut criminal conviction.
- [Indiana<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/indiana-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Indiana criminal conviction.
- [Hawaii<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/hawaii-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Hawaii criminal conviction.
- [Georgia<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/georgia-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Georgia criminal conviction.
- [Florida<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/florida-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Florida criminal conviction.
- [Virginia<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/virginia-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Virginia criminal conviction.
- [Louisiana<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/louisiana-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Louisiana criminal conviction.
- [Missouri<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/missouri-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Missouri criminal conviction.
- [Wisconsin<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/wisconsin-restoration-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Wisconsin criminal conviction.
- [Texas<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/texas-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Texas criminal conviction.
- [Maine<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/maine-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Maine criminal conviction.
- [Delaware<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/delaware-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Delaware criminal conviction.
- [District of Columbia<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/district-of-columbia-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a D.C. criminal conviction.
- [New York<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/new-york-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a New York criminal conviction.
- [Maryland<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/maryland-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Maryland criminal conviction.
- [Montana<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/montana-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Montana criminal conviction.
- [Vermont<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/vermontrestoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Vermont criminal conviction.
- [West Virginia<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/west-virginia-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a West Virginia criminal conviction.
- [Alaska<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/alaska-expungment-pardon-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Alaska criminal conviction.
- [Michigan<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/michigan-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Michigan criminal conviction.
- [Kansas<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/kansas-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Kansas criminal conviction.
- [Mississippi<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/mississippi-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Mississippi criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison: Loss & Restoration of Civil/Firearms Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/chart-1-loss-and-restoration-of-civil-rights-and-firearms-privileges-2/) - Section 1 categorizes states by loss and restoration of voting rights due to conviction. Section 2 provides a 50-start chart concerning voting, jury service, and public office, as well as firearms rights under state law. Section 3 provides a 50-state chart concerning firearms rights under federal law. Section 4 provides state-by-state summaries, with links to
- [New Hampshire<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/new-hampshire-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a New Hampshirecriminal conviction.
- [South Carolina<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/south-carolina-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a South Carolina criminal conviction.
- [Mississippi<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/mississippi-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Mississippi criminal conviction.
- [Kentucky<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/kentucky-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Kentucky criminal conviction.
- [Iowa<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/iowa-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Iowa criminal conviction.
- [Reports](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/resources-reports-and-studies/) - Positive Credentials That Limit Risk: A Report on Certificates of Relief (June 2024) Advancing Second Chances: Clean Slate and Other Record Reforms in 2023 (Jan. 2024) Accessing SNAP and TANF Benefits after a Drug Conviction: A Survey of State Laws (Dec. 2023) The Frontiers of Dignity: Clean Slate and Other Criminal Record Reforms in
- [Puerto Rico<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/puerto-rico-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Puerto Rico criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison: Expungement, Sealing & Other Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisonjudicial-expungement-sealing-and-set-aside-2-2/) - Section 1 categorizes jurisdictions by the availability of relief for convictions. Section 2 categorizes jurisdictions with automatic conviction record clearing Section 3 categorizes jurisdictions by the relief process for non-convictions. Section 4 lists jurisdictions with judicial certificates of relief. Section 5 provides state-by-state summaries of record relief laws, with links to more detailed analysis and
- [Alaska<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/alaska-expungment-pardon-sealing-3/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Alaska criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison: Marijuana Legalization, Decriminalization, Expungement, and Clemency](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparison-marijuana-legalization-expungement-2/) - Updated: June 2024 *See also December 2022 report & infographic: Marijuana legalization and expungement in 2022 † As used here, legalization means certain acts are lawful; decriminalization means certain acts may be punishable by fines but not incarceration (i.e. as infractions, petty offenses, civil offenses, etc). In all states, certain acts remain punishable by incarceration:
- [Alaska<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/alaska-expungment-pardon-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Alaska criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison: Limits on Use of Criminal Record in Employment, Licensing & Housing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisoncomparison-of-criminal-records-in-licensing-and-employment/) - Below are state-by-state summaries, with links to analysis and legal citations. Federal Read more Alabama Read more Alaska Read more Arizona Read more Arkansas Read more California Read more Colorado Read more Connecticut Read more Delaware Read more District of Columbia Read more Florida Read more Georgia Read more Hawaii Read more Idaho Read more
- [Restoration of Rights Project: State-specific guides to restoration of rights, pardon, expungement, sealing & certificates of relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/restoration-3/) - State-specific guides to restoration of rights, pardon, expungement, sealing, and certificates of relief. From CCRC, NACDL, NLADA & the National HIRE Network.
- [Restoration of Rights Project: State-specific guides to restoration of rights, pardon, expungement, sealing & certificates of relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/restoration-2-2/) - State-specific guides to restoration of rights, pardon, expungement, sealing, and certificates of relief. From CCRC, NACDL, NLADA & the National HIRE Network.
- [Accessing SNAP and TANF Benefits after a Drug Conviction: A Survey of State Laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/national-snap-tanf-drug-felony-study/) - We are pleased to present a new report, “Accessing SNAP and TANF Benefits after a Drug Conviction: A Survey of State Laws.” This report offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the differing ways states have responded to the 1996 federal ban on access to SNAP and TANF benefits for those with a felony drug
- [Compilations & inventories](https://ccresourcecenter.org/compilations-inventories-of-collateral-consequences/) - Searchable on-line inventories of collateral consequences: How they operate and how they are maintained (2019) National compilations & inventories National Inventory of the Collateral Consequences of Conviction State-by-state on-line inventory of collateral consequences originally compiled by the ABA Criminal Justice Section and currently hosted by the Council of State Governments Justice Center (current through 2015 for
- [Marijuana legalization and expungement in early 2021](https://ccresourcecenter.org/marijuana-legalization-and-expungement-in-early-2021/) - By Collateral Consequences Resource Center & Drug Enforcement and Policy Center Staff Spring 2021 Digging into the groundbreaking criminal reforms enacted this year as part of marijuana legalization Early 2021 was an unprecedented period for policymaking at the intersection of marijuana legalization and criminal record reform. Between February and April, four states enacted legislation legalizing
- [Books and academic articles](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/resources-books-and-articles/) - The cited works below offer an academic perspective on a wide range of topics, and are organized by category. Collateral Consequences in General Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction: Law Policy & Practice Margaret Colgate Love, Jenny Roberts & Wayne A. Logan (NACDL/West, 4th ed. 2020-2021) Digital Punishment: Privacy, Stigma, and the Harms of Data-Driven Criminal
- [50-State Comparison: Relief from Sex Offense Registration Obligations](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparison-relief-from-sex-offender-registration-obligations/) - Updated: October 2022
- [The Many Roads from Reentry to Reintegration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/the-many-roads-to-reintegration/) - A National Survey of Laws Restoring Rights and Opportunities after Arrest or Conviction By Margaret Colgate Love March 2022 This report is also available in PDF format. The Reintegration Report Card, which grades and ranks the states based on this report, is available here. The 2020 version of this report is available
- [About CCRC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/about-the-collateral-consequences-resource-center/) - The Collateral Consequences Resource Center is a non-profit organization established in 2014 to promote public engagement with the myriad issues raised by the legal restrictions and societal stigma that burden people with a criminal record long after their criminal case is closed. Situated at the intersection of the academic and advocacy communities, the Center provides
- [50-State Comparison: Loss & Restoration of Civil/Firearms Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/chart-1-loss-and-restoration-of-civil-rights-and-firearms-privileges/) - Section 1 categorizes states by loss and restoration of voting rights due to conviction. Section 2 provides a 50-start chart concerning voting, jury service, and public office, as well as firearms rights under state law. Section 3 provides a 50-state chart concerning firearms rights under federal law. Section 4 provides state-by-state summaries, with links to
- [New Mexico<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/new-mexico-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a New Mexico criminal conviction.
- [The Many Roads to Reintegration (2020)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/the-many-roads-to-reintegration-2020/) - A 50-State Report on Laws Restoring Rights and Opportunities after Arrest or Conviction By Margaret Love & David Schlussel September 2020 The 2022 update to this report is available here. This report is also available in PDF format. The Reintegration Report Card, which grades and ranks the states based on this report, is available here.
- [50-State Comparison: Expungement, Sealing & Other Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisonjudicial-expungement-sealing-and-set-aside/) - Section 1 categorizes jurisdictions by the availability of relief for convictions. Section 2 categorizes jurisdictions with automatic record clearing laws. Section 3 categorizes jurisdictions by the relief process for non-convictions. Section 4 lists jurisdictions with judicial certificates of relief. Section 5 provides a 50-state chart comparing record relief law across jurisdictions. Section 6 provides state-by-state
- [Contact Us](https://ccresourcecenter.org/contact-us/) - We welcome and appreciate your feedback, questions & suggestions. You may contact the Collateral Consequences Resource Center directly using the form below. Please keep in mind that the CCRC is not a law firm or legal services organization and we are unable to respond to requests for interpretation of laws or for advice about individual
- [Kentucky<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/kentucky-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Kentucky criminal conviction.
- [Pennsylvania<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/pennsylvania-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Pennsylvania criminal conviction.
- [Amicus briefs and other case materials](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/briefs-case-materials/) - Federal Gurrola v. Duncan, 9th Cir. (appeal from dismissal of complaint challenging California's ban on EMT licenses based on multiple or recent felony conviction) Amicus Brief of The DKT Liberty Project, Collateral Consequences Resource Center, et al. (May 18, 2021) Scholl v. Mnuchin, N.D. Cal (challenge to IRS decision to withhold COVID-19-related stimulus funds from
- [About the Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/restoration-about/) - The Restoration of Rights Project (RRP) is a project of the Collateral Consequences Resource Center in partnership with the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, National Legal Aid & Defender Association, National HIRE Network, Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, and Paper Prisons Initiative. It was launched in August 2017. The Restoration of Rights Project contains detailed
- [Standards, policies and model laws](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/resources-standards-policies-and-model-law/) - Criminal and juvenile records Model Law on Non-Conviction Records (2019) Model legislation with reporters from the Collateral Consequences Resource Center and an advisory group of lawyers, judicial officials, lawmakers, academics, policy experts, and advocates. ABA Model Act Governing the Confidentiality and Expungement of Juvenile Delinquency Records (2015) Model legislation from the American Bar Association Collateral consequences Model
- [Virgin Islands<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/virigin-islandsrestoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Virgin Islands criminal conviction.
- [Pennsylvania<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/pennsylvania-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a Pennsylvania criminal conviction.
- [50-State Comparison<BR /> Pardoning Frequency](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisonpardoning-practices/) - This chart has been moved to the 50-State Comparison: Pardon Policy & Practice page.
- [50-State Comparison<BR /> Models for Administration of the Pardon Power](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisonmodels-for-administration-of-the-pardon-power/) - This chart has been moved to the 50-State Comparison: Pardon Policy & Practice page.
- [50-State Comparison<BR /> Loss & Restoration of Firearms Rights under Federal Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/50-state-comparisonstate-law-relief-from-federal-firearms-act-disabilities/) - This chart has been moved to the 50-State Comparison: Loss & Restoration of Civil/Firearms Rights page.
- [Alabama<BR />Restoration of Rights & Record Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/alabama-restoration-rights-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following an Alabama criminal conviction.
- [Model Law on Non-Conviction Records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/model-law-on-non-conviction-records/) - Press ReleaseModel Law Proposes Automatic Expungement of Non-Conviction Records December 11, 2019 Washington, D.C. — An advisory group drawn from across the criminal justice system has completed work on a model law that recommends automatic expungement of most arrests and charges that do not result in conviction. It is available in PDF and HTML formats.
- [Model Law on Non-Conviction Records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/model-law-on-non-conviction-records-3/)
- [Practice resources and manuals](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/resources-compilations-and-practice-manuals/) - Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction: Law, Policy and Practice Comprehensive resource for practicing lawyers, judges and policymakers on the legal restrictions and penalties that result from a criminal conviction over and above the court-imposed sentence, by Margaret Colgate Love, Jenny Roberts and Wayne A. Logan National Clean Slate Clearinghouse Information on practice resources governing record
- [About the Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/restoration-about-2/) - The Restoration of Rights Project (RRP) is a project of the Collateral Consequences Resource Center launched in August 2017 in partnership with the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, the National Legal Aid & Defender Association, and the National HIRE Network. The RRP is an online resource containing detailed state-by-state analyses of the law and
- [Search](https://ccresourcecenter.org/search/)
- [Wisconsin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/wisconsin-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Wisconsin Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Wisconsin criminal conviction A Fresh Start: Wisconsin’s Atypical Expungement Law and Options for Reform Describes Wisconsin’s unique system of requiring expungement decisions to be made at the time of sentencing, and recommends reforms. Wisconsin Policy Forum (January 2018) Wisconsin
- [Texas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/texas-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Texas Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Texas criminal conviction Statutory Restrictions on Convicted Felons Inventory of Texas collateral consequences maintained by the Texas State Law Library (2013) Criminal Records in the Digital Age: A Review of Current Practices and Recommendations for Reform in Texas Helen Gaebler,
- [State-Specific Resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/) - Use the map below to select a state. National resources are available here. Puerto Rico / Virgin Islands
- [Arizona](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/arizona-2-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Arizona Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Arizona criminal conviction Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction in Arizona Kate Adamson et al.; From the Law, Criminal Justice, and Security Program, University of Arizona (2005) >> Select another state
- [Restoration of rights - National resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/restoration-of-rights/) - This page contains national restoration of rights materials; state-specific resources on restoration of rights are available here. Restoration of Rights Project Summarizes rights restoration mechanisms in each U.S. jurisdiction, including pardon, judicial expungement and certificates, and systemic relief provisions. From the Collateral Consequences Resource Center, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, National Legal Aid and Defender
- [Washington](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/washington-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Washington Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Washington criminal conviction Beyond the Conviction: What Defense Attorneys in Washington Need to Know About Collateral Consequences Washington Defender Association (2013) Beyond Juvenile Court: Long-term Impact of a Juvenile Record Washington Defender Association (2011) * Be sure to check for
- [North Carolina](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/north-carolina-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - North Carolina Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a North Carolina criminal conviction Collateral Consequences Assessment Tool (C-CAT) Database Searchable online inventory of collateral consequences under North Carolina law maintained by the University of North Carolina School of Government Relief from a Criminal Conviction: A Digital Guide
- [California](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/california-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - California Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a California criminal conviction California Compilation of Collateral Consequences On-line inventory of California Collateral Consequences (CCRC, 2017) Jobs for All: The Movement to Restore Employment Rights for Formerly Incarcerated People 2017 report by the Rosenberg Foundation Degrees of Freedom: Expanding
- [Pennsylvania](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/pennsylvania-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Pennsylvania Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Pennsylvania criminal conviction Opening Doors: How Philadelphia Area Colleges Can Promote Access & Equity by "Banning the Box" Community Legal Services of Philadelphia (Aug. 2017) From Expungement to Sealing of Criminal Records in Pennsylvania Sharon Dietrich, Penn. Bar Ass'n
- [District of Columbia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/district-of-columbia-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - District of Columbia Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Washington, D.C. criminal conviction Criminal Background Checks and Access to Jobs: A Case Study of Washington, DC Urban Institute (2017) Beyond Second Chances: Returning Citizens' Re-entry Struggles and Successes in the District of Columbia Council For Court Excellence (2016) Collateral Consequences
- [Vermont](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/vermont-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Vermont Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Vermont criminal conviction Vermont Compilation of Collateral Consequences Interactive database of collateral consequences imposed by Vermont and federal statutes and regulations. Prepared by the Collateral Consequences Resource Center for the Vermont Attorney General. >> Select another state
- [District of Columbia <BR /> Restoration of Rights, Pardon, Expungement & Sealing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/district-of-columbia-restoration-of-rights-pardon-expungement-sealing-2/) - Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, and criminal record sealing & expungement following a D.C. criminal conviction.
- [Maryland](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/maryland-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Maryland Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Maryland criminal conviction Final Report of the Collateral Consequences Workgroup Report of workgroup charged by Governor Hogan and the 2016 Justice Reinvestment Act with investigating and making recommendations for reform of Maryland collateral consequences (2016) The Collateral Consequences of Arrests
- [Michigan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/michigan-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Michigan Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Michigan criminal conviction Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions: A Legal Outline for Michigan Miriam Aukerman, Reentry Law Project, Legal Aid of Western Michigan (2008) Collateral Consequences of a Criminal Conviction Tracey W. Brame Ed., ICLE (2012) Michigan Poverty Law Program
- [Kentucky](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/kentucky-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Kentucky Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Kentucky criminal conviction Collateral Consequences of Felony Convictions Established in the Kentucky Administrative Regulations Sara M. Caudill and Ashley England-Huff, 35 N. Ky. L. Rev. 453 (2008) Kentucky’s Statutory Collateral Consequences from Felony Convictions: A Practitioner’s Guide Troy B. Daniels, Dawn
- [Colorado](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/colorado-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Colorado Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Colorado criminal conviction The Consequences of Conviction – Sanctions Beyond the Sentence Under Colorado Law Guide to collateral consequences under Colorado law by the Colorado State Public Defender (2014) >> Select another state
- [Delaware](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/delaware-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Delaware Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Delaware criminal conviction Clemency in the State of Delaware: History and Proposals for Change Lieutenant Governor Matthew Denn, 13 Del. L. Rev. 55 (2012) >> Select another state
- [Alabama](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/alabama-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Alabama Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Alabama criminal conviction Sentencing Reference Manual for Circuit and District Judges Alabama Sentencing Commission (2012) - Includes information on collateral consequences triggered by state and federal felony convictions. >> Select another state
- [New Mexico](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/new-mexico-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - New Mexico Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a New Mexico criminal conviction Collateral Consequences in New Mexico: A First Look Dan Cathey, Alex Adams, and Christopher Miller, New Mexico Sentencing Commission (2008) >> Select another state
- [Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/virginia-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Virginia Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Virginia criminal conviction The Collateral Consequences of Arrests and Convictions under D.C., Maryland, and Virginia Law By the Washington Lawyer’s Committee for Civil Rights & Urban Affairs (2014) >> Select another state
- [Illinois](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/illinois-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Illinois Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Illinois criminal conviction Burdened for Life: The Myth of Juvenile Record Confidentiality and Expungement in Illinois Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission (2016) Expungement as a Tool of Restorative Justice Christie Fischer (2015) >> Select another state
- [Kansas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/kansas-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Kansas Profile Guide to Restoration of Rights, Pardon, Sealing & Expungement following a Kansas criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Nevada](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/nevada-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Nevada Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Nevada criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Arkansas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/arkansas-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Arkansas Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Arkansas criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Wyoming](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/wyoming/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Wyoming Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Wyoming criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [West Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/west-virginia-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - West Virginia Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a West Virginia criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Virgin Islands](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/virgin-islands/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Virgin Islands Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Virgin Islands criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Utah](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/utah-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Utah Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Utah criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Tennessee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/tennessee-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Tennessee Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Tennessee criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [South Dakota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/south-dakota-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - South Dakota Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a South Dakota criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [South Carolina](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/south-carolina-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - South Carolina Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a South Carolina criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Rhode Island](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/rhode-island-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Rhode Island Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Rhode Island criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Puerto Rico](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/puerto-rico/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Puerto Rico Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Puerto Rico criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Oregon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/oregon-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Oregon Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Oregon criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Oklahoma](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/oklahoma-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Oklahama Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Oklahoma criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Ohio](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/ohio-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Ohio Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Ohio criminal conviction Civil Impacts of Criminal Convictions under Ohio Law (CIVICC) Database Ohio Justice & Policy Center; Office of the Ohio Public Defender >> Select another state
- [North Dakota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/north-dakota-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - North Dakota Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a North Dakota criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [New York](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/new-york-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - New York Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a New York criminal conviction Consequences of Criminal Proceedings in New York State Comprehensive 2014 compilation, report, and practice manual by The Bronx Defenders Criminal Justice Resources (Legal Action Center) A collection of resources focusing on criminal records, collateral consequences,
- [New Jersey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/new-jersey-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - New Jersey Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a New Jersey criminal conviction Todd Berger & J.C. Lore, New Jersey Collateral Consequences (2014, LexisNexis Practice Guide). Explains collateral consequences flowing from specific New Jersey criminal convictions, general classes of offenses and general types of offenses, as well as
- [New Hampshire](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/new-hampshire-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - New Hampshire Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a New Hampshire criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Nebraska](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/nebraska-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Nebraska Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Nebraska criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Montana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/montana-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Montana Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Montana criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Missouri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/missouri-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Missouri Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Missouri criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Mississippi](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/mississippi-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Mississippi Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Mississippi criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Minnesota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/minnesota-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Minnesota Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Minnesota criminal conviction Juvenile Records in Minnesota 2014 Report by the Council on Crime and Justice Chained to the Past: An Overview of Criminal Expungement Law in Minnesota —State v. Schultz Geffen, Jon and Letze, Stefanie, 31 William Mitchell
- [Massachusetts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/massachusetts-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Massachusetts Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Massachusetts criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Florida](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/florida-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Florida Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Florida criminal conviction Florida Juvenile Collateral Consequences Checklist 2013 guide by the Juvenile Justice Center >> Select another state
- [Maine](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/maine-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Maine Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Maine criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Louisiana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/louisiana-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Louisiana Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Louisiana criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Iowa](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/iowa-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Iowa Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Iowa criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Indiana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/indiana-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Indiana Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Indiana criminal conviction I Did My Time: The Transformation of Indiana's Expungement Law Joseph C. Dugan, 90 Ind. L.J. 1321 (2015) Indiana Collateral Consequences Following [Juvenile] Adjudication 2011 guide from the Wayne County Public Defender's Office * Be
- [Idaho](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/idaho-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Idaho Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Idaho criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Hawaii](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/hawaii-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Hawaii Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Hawaii criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Georgia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/georgia-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Georgia Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Georgia criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Connecticut](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/connecticut-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Connecticut Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following a Connecticut criminal conviction >> Select another state
- [Alaska](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/state-specific-resources/alaska-2/) - Restoration of Rights Project - Alaska Profile Guide to restoration of rights, pardon, sealing & expungement following an Alaska criminal conviction The Hidden Impact of a Criminal Conviction: A Brief Overview of Collateral Consequences in Alaska Deborah Periman (2007) >> Select another state
- [State Restoration Profiles](https://ccresourcecenter.org/state-restoration-profiles/) - placeholder
- [Resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/resources-2/)
- [Federal Resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/federal-resources/) - [showhide type="links" more_text="Restoration of Rights Project: Federal Profile" less_text="Restoration of Rights Project: Federal Profile"] This document is available for download at this link. [pdf]https://www.nacdl.org/uploadedFiles/files/resource_center/2012_restoration_project/state_narr_us.pdf[/pdf] [/showhide] >> Select another jurisdiction

## Text Blocks

- [Nebraska-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nebraska-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. The right to vote is restored automatically after completion of sentence, including any period of parole. The rights to hold office and serve on a jury may only be restored by the Board of Pardons. A
- [North-Dakota-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-dakota-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, hold public office, and to sit on a jury, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony involving violence or intimidation loses the right to possess a firearm for 10 years following completion of sentence; if convicted of a nonviolent felony or
- [Alabama-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alabama-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of one of 47 disqualifying felonies—including murder, sexual assault, drug trafficking, and some property crimes—loses the rights to vote, to run for state office, and to serve on a jury. (All felonies are basis of challenge.) The right to vote is restored upon application after completion of sentence, including payment of fines
- [California - Firearms relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/california-firearms-relief/) - A person convicted of a felony in any jurisdiction, or of a misdemeanor offense involving the violent use of a firearm, may not own, purchase, receive, possess or exercise custody or control over any firearm. The right to possess a firearm may be restored by pardon based on a certificate of rehabilitation (except if the
- [West-Virginia-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/west-virginia-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony or bribery loses the right to vote, hold public office, and sit on a jury. In addition, jury eligibility is denied to anyone "convicted of perjury, false swearing or any crime punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year under the applicable law of this state, another state or
- [Tennessee-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/tennessee-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, serve on a jury and hold public office, and those convicted of perjury or subornation of perjury are also disqualified from jury eligibility. A person convicted of a felony involving violence or drug trafficking may not possess any firearm; a person convicted of any
- [Maryland-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maryland-record-relief/) - Expungement is authorized for 100 enumerated misdemeanors upon petition five years after completion of sentence, and for a handful of felonies (theft, burglary, drug-related) after seven years, if there have been no subsequent convictions, unless the subsequent conviction becomes eligible. In a few cases the eligibility period is 10 years. Relief is mandatory unless the
- [North-Dakota-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-dakota-record-relief/) - Misdemeanor and felony convictions may be sealed upon petition, with conviction-free waiting periods of 3 and 5 years after conviction, respectively, except that violent offenses must wait 10 years and sex offenses are not eligible. In 2025, pardoned convictions were added to the list of eligible convictions. The court may grant a petition if it
- [Vermont-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/vermont-record-relief/) - Record relief: Sealing are available for “qualifying” crimes (or "qualifying crimes arising out of the same incident or occurrence") after a 3-to-5-year waiting period; intervening convictions extend the waiting period. Qualifying crimes were expanded in 2025 to include most nonviolent non-sexual misdemeanors and some non-violent felonies including drug trafficking and property crimes. In all cases,
- [Wisconsin-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wisconsin-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote and serve on a jury and regains them upon completion of sentence. (A 2025 bill requiring payment of court debt and completion of court-imposed community service had not been presented to the governor by July 2025). A person convicted of a felony or a
- [District-of-Columbia-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/district-of-columbia-record-relief/) - The D.C. record clearing law was completely revised effective March 2023, replacing one of the most restrictive and confusing schemes with a reasonably clear and generous one. The law became effective (with funding) in February 2025. Sealing by petition is available for all non-conviction records, and for misdemeanor convictions and all but the most serious
- [Virginia-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virginia-employment-licensing/) - Public employers are prohibited by statute from asking about applicants’ criminal histories until a candidate has been interviewed; additional requirements are imposed by executive order. Employers may not ask about expunged non-conviction records, and applicants are not required to disclose them. Licensing agencies may not reject applicants based on a conviction unless it is “directly
- [Virginia-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virginia-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and sit on a jury. These rights may only be restored by the governor, through his constitutional pardon power. Since 2016 these rights have been restored automatically through a series of executive orders, initially upon completion of sentence to all persons
- [Virginia-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virginia-record-relief/) - A law enacted in 2021 and amended in 2025 authorizes automatic sealing for some misdemeanor convictions and non-convictions, allows for sealing of felony acquittals and dismissals at disposition, and for sealing a broad range of misdemeanor and low-level felony convictions and deferred dismissals through a petition-based court process. Until that law becomes effective in 2026,
- [Alabama-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alabama-record-relief/) - Record relief: In 2021, Alabama enacted its first authority for expunging adult convictions, extended relief to non-violent misdemeanors and pardoned felonies, with exceptions for violent and sexual offenses, and any offense of moral turpitude under the disenfranchisement statute. Victims of human trafficking may petition the court to expunge convictions of misdemeanors and some felonies, including
- [Alabama-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alabama-employment-licensing/) - An individual who is legally barred from obtaining a specific occupational license due to a conviction may apply to the court for an “Order for Limited Relief” to permit discretionary consideration on the merits. Effective 2025, the OLR was expanded to eliminate the "specific license" requirement and to enhance its legal effect in the licensing
- [South-Carolina-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-carolina-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony or election-law offense, or incarcerated for a misdemeanor, may not vote or hold public office until completion of sentence, including probation or parole but not satisfaction of court costs and restitution. A person convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, which includes misdemeanors, loses
- [Wisconsin-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wisconsin-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge convictions, except in two specialized scenarios. A youthful conviction (under 25 at time of offense) for a misdemeanor or a minor non-violent first-time felony may be expunged upon successful completion of the sentence, but only if the court orders this relief at the time of sentencing.
- [Ohio-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/ohio-record-relief/) - Record relief: Sealing may be sought for an unlimited number of felonies of the 4th or 5th desgree after a one-year waiting period after final discharge, up to two felonies of the third degree and an unlimited number of more serious misdemeanors after a three-year waiting period, felonies involving nonviolent sexual offenses after five years,
- [Washington-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/washington-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, hold public office, and sit on a jury. The right to vote is restored automatically as long as a person is not incarcerated for a felony conviction. The right to hold office is restored with the vote, and jury eligibility is restored when the
- [South-Carolina-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-carolina-employment-licensing/) - South Carolina has no laws restricting how criminal record may be considered in the employment context, including no limits on application-stage inquiries. By virtue of a 2023 law amending its occupational licensing laws, a conviction is not a bar to occupational licensure unless it directly relates to the occupation; non-convictions may not be considered; and,
- [New-Jersey-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-jersey-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult the parole board for non-binding advice. The governor must report pardons, with reasons, to legislature. No published eligibility criteria, and the process is not formalized in statute. Pardon restores rights and a court may expunge pardoned convictions. Pardons are infrequent and the process irregular:
- [New-Jersey-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-jersey-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of an “indictable offense” (felony) loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of an indictable offense also loses the right to sit on a jury, which may only be restored by the governor, through a pardon or restoration of rights. A person holding public office or employment
- [Nevada-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nevada-record-relief/) - All convictions except for crimes against a child, sex offenses, and certain DUIs, are eligible for sealing after a waiting period ranging from one to 10 years after discharge or release from prison if no convictions during waiting period or pending charges. There is an explicit presumption in favor of sealing except for those dishonorably
- [Arizona-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arizona-record-relief/) - Record relief: In 2021 Arizona enacted its first general authority to seal adult conviction and non-conviction records. As amended in 2024, misdemeanor and most felony convictions may be sealed on petition after waiting periods ranging from two to 10 years (with an additional five years for a felony conviction that occurrs subsequent to a sealing).
- [Colorado-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/colorado-pardon/) - The governor's constitutional power is subject to regulation in the manner of applying, and the governor must report all grants to the legislature each year, with reasons for each. Before acting favorably on an application, the governor must seek the views of the district attorney, sentencing judge, and prosecuting attorney. The department of corrections is
- [Colorado-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/colorado-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the right to hold public office while incarcerated, with exceptions for certain public corruption convictions. The right to serve on a petit jury is not lost, but felony conviction may be the
- [Alaska-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alaska-record-relief/) - There is no general authority to seal or expunge adult conviction records, except that convictions for marijuana possession may not be released by the courts or by executive agencies except with the consent of their subject. In general, there are limits of release of criminal records by executive agencies. In most cases the court may
- [Maryland-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maryland-employment-licensing/) - Public employers and private employers with more than 15 employees may not ask about an applicant’s criminal history until they have had an interview. There appear to be no standards applicable to hiring decisions thereafter. Applicants for employment or licensure may not be required to disclose information about expunged or shielded records, and failure to
- [Florida-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/florida-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. Jury eligibility also lost if pending felony or misdemeanor charges. With exceptions for certain serious crimes, the right to vote may be restored automatically upon petition to the Board of Executive Clemency after completion of sentence,
- [Pennsylvania-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/pennsylvania-pardon/) - The governor may not act without an affirmative recommendation from a pardon board chaired by the lieutenant governor. The board asks applicants to identify a specific need for clemency, but "does not view a pardon as an appropriate means of restoring any disability that has been imposed pursuant to a state law," except for firearms
- [Colorado-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/colorado-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not conduct a background check until an applicant is determined to be a finalist or a conditional offer is made. Thereafter, certain records may not be the basis for denial ((non-conviction records; pardoned, sealed, or expunged convictions; or convictions subject to a collateral relief order) and detailed standards apply to determine whether
- [Massachusetts-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/massachusetts-pardon/) - The governor may not issue any pardons without the affirmative recommendation of the governor’s council and must report pardons annually to the legislature. By statute, petitions must be filed with advisory board of pardons, which holds a public hearing and solicits recommendations from attorney general, prosecutor, and sentencing court; board provides notice to victim and
- [Maine-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maine-record-relief/) - Maine authorizes sealing of court records for Class E convictions (except for sexual assault) after a one-year waiting period, as well as Class D and E marijuana convictions obtained prior to legalization in 2017. Various agencies still have access to the record, inclduing professional licensing agencies. There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge
- [Tennessee-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/tennessee-record-relief/) - Record relief: A person with no more than two convictions for specified misdemeanors and many nonviolent felonies (Class E through C) may petition for expungement on a one-time basis after waiting periods of five-to-fifteen years after completion of the most recent sentence, as long as they have no subsequent ineligible convictions. Multiple contemporaneous convictions may
- [Oklahoma-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oklahoma-record-relief/) - Up to two nonviolent felony convictions may be expunged (sealed) 10 years after completion of the last sentence, if no charges are pending. Offenses arising out of the same transaction or occurrence shall be treated as one conviction and offense. One nonviolent felony may be expunged after 5 years if no priors, two felonies after
- [Arizona-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arizona-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may disqualify an applicant because of a conviction only if “the offense has a reasonable relationship to the functions” of the desired employment. The law does not explain this standard or provide for its enforcement. An executive order prohibits most public employers from asking individuals about their criminal history on an initial job
- [Arizona-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arizona-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, to run for state office, and to sit on a jury. After a first felony conviction, these rights are restored automatically upon completion of sentence if all restitution has been paid. (Unlike unpaid restitution, unpaid fines do not affect restoration of rights.) For those
- [Michigan-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/michigan-record-relief/) - Effective April 2021, eligibility for set-aside and sealing expands to an unlimited number of misdemeanors and up to three felonies, provided that no more than two convictions for assaultive crimes may be set-aside in a person’s lifetime, and not more than one conviction for the same offense if the offense is punishable by more than
- [Iowa-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/iowa-record-relief/) - A single misdemeanor conviction may be expunged by the court if at least eight years have passed since conviction and the person has no other convictions or pending criminal charges, has not previously been granted more than one deferred judgment, and has paid all financial obligations ordered by the court, including indigent counsel fees. A
- [Nebraska-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nebraska-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not ask about an applicant’s criminal history until they determine the applicant meets minimum employment qualifications, but there is no similar restriction that applies to private employers. Employers and licensing agencies may not ask job applicants about sealed juvenile or non-conviction records. Under a 2024 law, most of the state’s licensing boards
- [Pennsylvania-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/pennsylvania-employment-licensing/) - Pennsylvania imposes a “direct relationship” standard on applications for public and private employment, and occupational and professional licensure. However, because it has no administrative enforcement mechanism, its scope must be interpreted by the courts. A 2017 executive order prohibits public employers from asking about individuals’ criminal histories on an initial job application, and prohibits consideration
- [South-Dakota-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-dakota-employment-licensing/) - For the first time, in a law enacted in 2024, state licensing agencies may not disqualify an applicant or take adverse action against a licensee based on arrest records, court records that have been expunged, sealed, or pardoned, or on the basis of a conviction that does not “directly relate” to the occupation. The law
- [Louisiana-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/louisiana-record-relief/) - Eligible convictions may be expunged upon motion ten years after completion of sentence for felonies and five years for misdemeanors, if there have been no intervening convictions and no pending charges. Specified offenses are ineligible. Persons entitled to “first offender pardons” are eligible for immediate expungement, specifically including drug crimes. Expungement of felonies may be
- [Pennsylvania-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/pennsylvania-record-relief/) - "Clean slate" sealing (“order for limited access”) is automatic for single less serious drug felonies after a 10-year conviction-free waiting period, and for 2nd and 3rd degree misdemeanors and ungraded offenses after a 7-year conviction-free waiting period, with certain disqualifying priors (including any prior felony conviction), and full payment of restitution. Sealed records are not
- [Minnesota-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/minnesota-employment-licensing/) - Public employers and licensing agencies must demonstrate, before they may reject an applicant based on criminal history, that a conviction is “directly related” to a job or license, and that the applicant has failed to show “sufficient rehabilitation and present fitness to perform.” Rehabilitation may be demonstrated by avoiding arrest for a year after release
- [Minnesota-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/minnesota-record-relief/) - Courts may expunge (or seal, a term used interchangeably) misdemeanors and a list of about 50 non-violent felonies, after waiting periods ranging from 2 to 5 years after completion of sentence. A formal petition need not be filed if the prosecutor does not object. In all cases the court must balance the interests of the
- [Minnesota-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/minnesota-pardon/) - The governor and high officials (attorney general, chief justice) act as a pardon board, whose powers and duties are defined and regulated by statute. The pardon board is required to report to the legislature annually. Per a 2023 reform, the board's decisions need no longer be unanimous, but the governor must always been in the
- [Wyoming-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wyoming-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, hold public office, and sit on a jury. For those with no more than one non-violent Wyoming felony conviction, these rights restored automatically when the person has "completed all of his sentence, including probation and parole." All others, including those with federal and out-of-state
- [New-Mexico-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-mexico-civil-firearms/) - The right to vote is lost only during a period of actual incarceration. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to hold public office and serve on a jury. The right to serve on a jury is restored automatically upon completion of sentence, including payment of fines and restitution. The right to hold
- [Minnesota-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/minnesota-civil-firearms/) - The right to vote is lost only during a period of actual incarceration. A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to hold office and serve on a jury. These rights are restored automatically after completion of sentence, including any period of parole or supervised release, except that a person convicted of bribery is
- [Delaware-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/delaware-record-relief/) - In Delaware records eligible for expungement fall into two categories: mandatory and discretionary (by petition). Per a 2021 law, records authorized for mandatory expungement must be automatically expunged effective in August 2024. These include most misdemeanor convictions, as well as cases "terminated in favor of the accused," including acquittals, dismissals after probation before judgment, dismissals
- [Delaware-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/delaware-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not inquire into applicants’ criminal records until a conditional employment offer has been made, and at that point criminal records can be disqualifying only they are if job-related and “consistent with business necessity.” Delaware has no comparable “ban-the-box” law applicable to private employers. Occupational or professional licenses may be denied or revoked
- [Oklahoma-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oklahoma-employment-licensing/) - An executive order prohibits state agencies from asking about criminal histories on initial job applications unless conviction would automatically disqualify the applicant. While state employers may ask applicant about their criminal history during an interview, neither public nor private employers or licensing entities may ask about or consider expunged (sealed) convictions. And, neither employers nor
- [Colorado-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/colorado-record-relief/) - Record relief: All but the most serious felonies are eligible for sealing after graduated waiting periods: one year after completion of sentence for petty offenses, three years for misdemeanors and lower-level felonies, and five years for other eligible felonies. All court-ordered fees must have been paid. If a person has multiple convictions, records may only
- [California-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/california-record-relief/) - Record relief: Courts' authority to dismiss charges and set aside convictions has been steadily extended over the past decade, with authority to seal the record added in 2019, so that by virtue of a 2022 law almost all felony convictions may be set aside and sealed after completion of sentence, after a conviction-free waiting period
- [Mississippi-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/mississippi-record-relief/) - A misdemeanor conviction may be expunged for a “first offender” upon completion of sentence. After a 5-year waiting period, a single felony conviction (defined to include multiple convictions arising from the same operative facts) may be expunged, but 10 listed serious felonies are ineligible. Expungement is also available through the state intervention court system (substance
- [Kentucky-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kentucky-record-relief/) - Courts are authorized upon petition to vacate specified Class D felony convictions and pardoned convictions, dismiss the charges, and expunge the record five years after completion of sentence, with no intervening convictions and no charges pending. There is a filing fee of $50 and an “expungement fee” of $250 that must be paid in full
- [Idaho-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/idaho-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge adult convictions, including pardoned convictions, with one exception: victims of human trafficking convicted of prostitution or other offense as a result of being trafficked may petition “to vacate such conviction and/or to expunge the criminal history records.” Any defendant who was convicted of a misdemeanor or
- [South-Dakota-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-dakota-record-relief/) - Arrests and convictions for Class 2 misdemeanors, municipal violations, and petty offenses are automatically sealed (removed from the public record) after five years if all court-ordered conditions are satisfied, and there are no intervening convictions. There is no statutory authority to seal adult felony convictions unless they are pardoned. The state repository may destroy misdemeanor
- [Louisiana-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/louisiana-employment-licensing/) - Public and private employers may not discriminate in hiring based on criminal records, may not consider non-conviction records, and must make individualized determination when considering other types of records that the record has a direct and adverse relationship with the specific duties of the job that may justify denying the applicant the position, considering various
- [Indiana-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/indiana-record-relief/) - Judicial expungement is mandatory, upon petition to the court, for non-conviction records, misdemeanors, and eligible less-serious felonies; expungement is discretionary for more serious felonies. Eligibility waiting periods range from one year for non-conviction records to ten years following completion of sentence for the most serious felonies. After expungement, non-conviction records, and records of misdemeanors and
- [Utah-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/utah-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may ask about criminal history only after an initial interview or a conditional offer. Public and private employers and licensing boards may not ask about or consider expunged convictions, with exceptions. An occupational licensing agency may not disqualify based on conviction unless it is “substantially related” to the occupation, and applicants must be
- [Connecticut-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/connecticut-employment-licensing/) - State employers and licensing agencies may not disqualify a person based on a prior conviction but must consider the relationship of the crime to the job/license, information pertaining to rehabilitation, and time elapsed since conviction. A certificate of rehabilitation presumes rehabilitation. A state employer may ask about criminal record only after an applicant has been
- [Maine-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maine-employment-licensing/) - Maine enacted in 2021 a ban-the-box law that applies to both public and private employment, and state employers are separately prohibited from inquiring about criminal history on employment applications, but the law provides no standards for decisions thereafter. Maine limits consideration of conviction in the granting any occupational license issued by the State, placing stricter
- [Missouri-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/missouri-record-relief/) - Expungement is authorized for all non-Class A felonies and all misdemeanors, subject to a lengthy list of exceptions for violent offenses, sex offenses, other more serious crimes, and driving offenses involving liquor or commercial driver’s licenses. Only one felony and two misdemeanors may be expunged in a lifetime (but all counts in a single indictment
- [Oregon-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oregon-record-relief/) - Misdemeanors and Class C felony convictions may be set aside three to five years after judgment or release, and non-violent Class B felonies may be set aside after seven years, provided in all cases that there has been no other conviction during the waiting period. Set-aside restores all rights, relieves all disabilities, and seals the
- [Ohio-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/ohio-pardon/) - The governor decides but is required to consult with the parole board for non-binding advice; the governor must report pardons to legislature. A person may apply at any time. The board may hold hearing in meritorious cases, with prior notice to court, prosecutor and victim. No reasons are given in the event of denial. A
- [Wyoming-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wyoming-record-relief/) - A single felony conviction may be expunged ten years after the sentence expires if the applicant has no other felony convictions and paid any restitution. This relief is not available for felony firearm offenses, for many sexual offenses, and for crimes involving violence, child endangerment, bribery, perjury, DUI, drug distribution. A handful of misdemeanors (simple
- [Rhode-Island-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/rhode-island-record-relief/) - Record relief: Rhode Island law provides three separate authorities for expungement: 1) “first offenders,” defined as those with a single felony or misdemeanor conviction; 2) those with between two and six misdemeanor convictions; and 3) those who successfully completed deferred sentences. It also provides additional authority for expunging other diversionary dispositions as well as decriminalized
- [New-Jersey-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-jersey-record-relief/) - Record relief: New Jersey has two main paths to expungement of convictions: one is via petitions filed in court, and the other is a newly authorized “clean slate” authority that will eventually be automatic. Petition-based expungement of a single “indictable” offense (felony) is authorized five years after completion of sentence, and of up to three
- [New-Mexico-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-mexico-record-relief/) - Courts are authorized to expunge convictions for all but the most serious violent offenses after a conviction-free waiting period ranging from 2 to 10 years after completion of sentence, including payment of fines and fees. The court must find after a hearing that “justice will be served by an order to expunge,” applying a multi-factor
- [New-Mexico-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-mexico-employment-licensing/) - Neither public nor private employers may ask about individuals’ criminal histories on initial job applications. Public employers may consider criminal history only when an applicant is a finalist, while private employers may consider criminal history information after review of the application. Public employers and licensing agencies may deny an individual a job or license based
- [Connecticut-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/connecticut-record-relief/) - Record Relief: Until recently, pardons were the primary vehicle for record relief for convictions in Connecticut, and pardoned convictions are granted generously by an appointed administrative board, then “erased” (expunged). Upon the subject’s request, records that have been erased are physically destroyed after three years. Records of individuals under the age of 21 who were
- [Louisiana-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/louisiana-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote while “under an order of imprisonment,” which includes probation under a suspended sentence and parole, except that a person may apply for restoration of the vote if they have not been actually incarcerated pursuant to the order in the last five years (not counting
- [District-of-Columbia-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/district-of-columbia-civil-firearms/) - By virtue of a law enacted in November 2020, conviction of a crime does not result in loss of the right to vote. (Previously, a person convicted of a felony or incarcerated for certain misdemeanor election law or lobbying violations, lost the rights to vote and to serve on the D.C. Council while incarcerated.) A
- [Kansas-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kansas-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, serve on a jury, and hold public office, which are restored automatically upon completion of sentence, including payment of fines and restitution, except that jury ineligibility extend for ten years after the date of conviction. A person convicted of a “person” felony or analogous
- [Vermont-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/vermont-employment-licensing/) - Neither public nor private employers may ask about individuals’ criminal history—other than convictions that would trigger disqualification—until an interview or an applicant is otherwise deemed qualified. Employers and licensing agencies may not ask about or consider expunged or sealed convictions. A felony conviction may be used to deny an occupational license for over forty professions,
- [Missouri-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/missouri-pardon/) - The governor’s constitutional pardon power is subject to regulation relative to “the manner of applying.” The parole board must be consulted, but its advice is not binding. Eligibility begins three years after discharge, and there is no provision for a hearing. Pardon relieves all legal disabilities, and a pardoned conviction may not be used to
- [Arkansas-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arkansas-employment-licensing/) - Arkansas has no fair employment law that would generally restrict how employers consider a conviction record, but relief mechanisms such as pardon and sealing are routinely available. Occupational licensing entities are subject to robust regulation, and may not consider non-conviction records, misdemeanor convictions (except misdemeanor sex offenses and misdemeanors involving violence), and convictions that have
- [North-Carolina-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-carolina-record-relief/) - Record relief: Up to three nonviolent felonies and multiple nonviolent misdemeanor convictions are eligible for "expunction" on a one-time basis -- though relief may be staged where eligibility periods are different as long as there are no convictions after expungement. Multiple convictions in the same session of court shall be treated as one conviction. The
- [Nebraska-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nebraska-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge adult convictions. Those sentenced to probation or to pay a fine may petition the court to set-aside the conviction upon discharge, if the court finds that the order will be “in the best interest of the offender and consistent with the public welfare.” In 2020, for
- [New-Jersey-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-jersey-employment-licensing/) - Public and private employers with more than 15 employees must delay inquiry into criminal history until after the first interview. A certificate of rehabilitation issued by a sentencing court or supervisory agency lifts bars to employment, except as provided in the Forfeiture Act, but conduct may still be considered. Licensing authorities may not deny a
- [Connecticut-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/connecticut-civil-firearms/) - A person incarcerated for a felony loses the rights to vote and to hold public office. Effective July 1, 2021 rights are restored upon release from incarceration. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to serve on a jury. This right is restored automatically seven years after conviction, unless the person is still
- [New-York-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-york-employment-licensing/) - New York’s Human Rights Law and Article 23-A of the Corrections Law prohibit discrimination based on criminal record by public and private employers and licensing agencies. Employment or licenses may not be denied unless there 1) is a “direct relationship” between a conviction and the job or license, as defined by a multifactor test; or
- [District-of-Columbia-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/district-of-columbia-employment-licensing/) - Public employers and private employers with more than ten employees may not ask about or consider criminal history until a conditional offer is made. Thereafter, they may not inquire into arrests or charges that are not pending and that did not result in a conviction, and must consider specified criteria before disqualifying an applicant for
- [Illinois-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/illinois-employment-licensing/) - The Illinois Human Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination based on conviction record unless the record is substantially related to the employment at issue (the employment presents an opportunity to reoffend) or it presents a public safety risk; various factors must be considered and procedural protections apply. In addition, employers and landlords prohibited from inquiring about
- [New-York-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-york-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony and sentenced to prison loses the right to vote while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to sit on a jury, which may be restored by the sentencing court, corrections department, or governor. While there is no general restriction on the right to hold public
- [Washington-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/washington-employment-licensing/) - Public and private employers may not ask an applicant about their criminal history until the applicant is deemed otherwise qualified, unless the employer is authorized or required by law to conduct a background check. Public employers and licensing agencies may consider applicants’ convictions only if they occurred within the last ten years or the crime
- [Illinois-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/illinois-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the right to hold public office. Except for election-fraud convictions, the right to hold statewide office is restored upon completion of sentence. But the right to hold other elected office (municipal, county)
- [Pennsylvania-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/pennsylvania-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of embezzlement of public money, bribery, perjury, or any felony loses the right to hold public office, unless pardoned (for which federal and foreign convictions ineligible). A person convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more
- [Indiana-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/indiana-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of any “infamous crime” loses the right to vote and serve on a jury, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to hold public office, a right that can only be restored by expungement or a pardon from the governor (for which federal and foreign convictions
- [California-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/california-civil-firearms/) - A person sentenced to prison for a felony conviction loses the right to vote while serving a term in state or federal prison, after which the right is automatically restored. A person may not serve on a petit jury while incarcerated in a prison or jail, or while under supervision for conviction of a felony.
- [Texas-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/texas-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony (including “high crimes” specified in the constitution) loses the rights to vote, to hold public office, and to serve on a jury. Jury ineligibility also extends to pending felony or misdemeanor charges, and misdemeanor theft convictions. The right to vote is restored automatically upon completion of sentence including payment
- [New-York-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-york-record-relief/) - Record relief: Sealing is authorized for up to two convictions (only one of them a felony) 10 years after sentencing or release from prison. Sex offenses, class A and violent felonies are ineligible. Multiple eligible convictions “committed as part of the same criminal transaction” are considered a single conviction. If the district attorney does not
- [Oregon-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oregon-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony and sentenced to prison loses the right to vote, hold public office, to sit on a jury, but only while incarcerated -- except that grand jury and criminal trials, 15 years after service of felony sentence, and 5 years after service of sentence for misdemeanor involving dishonesty or violence.
- [Illinois-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/illinois-record-relief/) - Record relief: Most misdemeanor and felony convictions are eligible for sealing upon petition three years after termination of the person’s most recent sentence, if they have no intervening findings of guilt. Eligibility does not depend upon payment of court debt, and restitution may be reduced to a civil judgment. Ineligible offenses include DUI, sex crimes,
- [Illinois-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/illinois-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult with the prisoner review board, which holds public hearings quarterly and provides confidential recommendations to the governor. No eligibility restrictions. Pardon relieves all legal disabilities and authorizes expungement if pardon expressly provides. Board hears about 800 applications each year, 30% from people with misdemeanors.
- [Kansas-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kansas-pardon/) - The governor is required to consult with the prisoner review board before issuing any pardons, but its advice is not binding. The governor must report pardons, but not reasons, to legislature each year. There are no eligibility requirements, and no hearing, but applicants are required to publish application in a newspaper in the county of
- [Wisconsin-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wisconsin-pardon/) - The governor decides, subject to regulation by the legislature in the manner of applying, and is assisted by a non-statutory pardon advisory board that he or she appoints. The state constitution requires the governor to communicate pardons with reasons to legislature annually, and some aspects of the pardon process are specified in statute. Five-year eligibility
- [North-Carolina-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-carolina-pardon/) - The governor decides. and power may be limited by statute in manner of applying. Governor is authorized (but not required) to consult the parole board. Some aspects of the pardon process are specified in statute, and the governor has an office of executive clemency that ostensibly receives applications for pardons “for forgiveness.” However, pardons for
- [Washington-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/washington-pardon/) - The governor decides and is required to seek advice from the clemency and pardons board (but is not bound by it). The governor required by state constitution to report pardons, with reasons, to legislature. No formal eligibility waiting period, but applicants are generally required to wait 10 years after service of sentence. No formal eligibility
- [Ohio-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/ohio-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the rights to hold public office and to serve on a jury, which are restored automatically after “final discharge,” except that officials convicted of corruption offenses either have a longer waiting period
- [Iowa-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/iowa-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of an “infamous crime” (one punishable by imprisonment) loses the rights to vote and hold public office, with some exceptions. These rights may only be restored by action of the governor, who under a 2020 executive order, is automatically restoring the right upon a person's completion of custody and supervision (excluding homicide
- [Vermont-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/vermont-civil-firearms/) - A conviction does not affect the right to vote or hold public office. A person convicted of a felony who has "served a term of imprisonment in this state" is disqualified to act as a grand or petit juror, unless pardoned. tit. 12, § 64. A conviction does not affect the right to possess a
- [South-Dakota-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-dakota-civil-firearms/) - A person serving a sentence for a felony conviction after July 1, 2012, loses the right to vote, and it is not restored until completion of sentence, including payment of fines and restitution. For those convicted prior to July 1, 2012, the vote is lost only while serving a prison sentence, including parole, even if
- [Massachusetts-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/massachusetts-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote and hold public office only while incarcerated. Eligibility for jury service is also lost while felony charges pending, or if convicted of a felony until seven years after completion of sentence. A person convicted of a felony, serious misdemeanor, or drug crime, or adjudicated
- [Maryland-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maryland-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote and hold office only while incarcerated, unless the conviction was for buying or selling votes. A person charged with a crime with prison sentence exceeding one year (felony or misdemeanor), or sentenced to more than one year of imprisonment is ineligible for jury service
- [Kentucky-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kentucky-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. Pending felony charges also exclude from jury. These rights may be restored by personal action of the governor, including by a "partial pardon" after completion of sentence and payment of restitution. For certain lower-level felonies, the
- [Georgia-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/georgia-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony “involving moral turpitude” (interpreted as any felony) loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. The right to vote is restored upon completion of sentence, which includes payment of a fine imposed as a separate sentence (but not a fine that is a condition
- [Kansas-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kansas-record-relief/) - Expungement of convictions is available upon petition to the court for all but serious violent and sexual offenses, following a waiting period of three to five years after completion of sentence. There is a presumption in favor of expungement if the petitioner has not been convicted of a felony in the past two years, no
- [Utah-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/utah-record-relief/) - A person convicted of one felony and varying numbers of misdemeanors, each contained in a separate criminal episode, is eligible to apply to expunge all but serious and violent offenses after a waiting period ranging from 3 to 10 years after completion of sentence, including payment of fines and restitution. If a person is eligible,
- [Arkansas-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arkansas-record-relief/) - Convictions for Class C and Class D felonies and certain drug offenses are eligible for sealing after completion of sentence and payment of court costs; misdemeanors and infractions are eligible for sealing after completion of sentence. For violent felonies there is a 5-year waiting period and a prior felony conviction is disqualifying; for certain serious
- [Missouri-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/missouri-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. Except for persons convicted of crimes related to voting, the rights to vote and to hold office are restored upon discharge from sentence. Failure to pay restitution may result in delay in discharge and therefore delay
- [Hawaii-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/hawaii-employment-licensing/) - State fair employment practices law prohibits public and private employers from asking about criminal history until a conditional offer has been made. The conditional offer may be withdrawn only if a felony conviction within last seven years (excluding any period of incarceration) or a misdemeanor conviction within the last five years has a “rational relationship”
- [West-Virginia-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/west-virginia-employment-licensing/) - West Virginia has no laws restricting consideration of criminal record in employment, including limits on application-stage employer inquiries. Employers and licensing agencies may not access expunged convictions unless they are required by law to perform a background check. Licensing agencies may not disqualify an applicant because of a conviction unless it has a “rational nexus”
- [Ohio-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/ohio-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not ask about individuals’ criminal histories on an initial job application. No employer or licensing agency may question an applicant about sealed convictions unless “the question bears a direct and substantial relationship” to the desired position, and the applicant may not be questioned at all about sealed non-conviction records. Licensing agencies are
- [Michigan-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/michigan-employment-licensing/) - By executive order, executive branch agencies may not ask about criminal history in job postings, but there are no substantive standards that apply to hiring decisions. The only restriction on inquiries by other employers is that they may not ask about misdemeanor arrests that did not result in conviction on an employment application. Michigan does
- [Montana-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/montana-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge adult felony convictions. Expungement is available for multiple misdemeanors, but only once in a person’s lifetime. Relief is presumed for all but certain serious misdemeanors after a 5-year waiting period; other misdemeanors may also be expunged in the court’s discretion. Misdemeanors from different counties may be
- [West-Virginia-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/west-virginia-record-relief/) - Some misdemeanors and nonviolent felonies are eligible for expungement after a 1 to 5 year waiting period. A person may apply for more than one misdemeanor but only for a single felony (including offenses arising from the same transaction or series of transactions). A hearing is required: applicants must obtain and serve documents on multiple
- [Maryland-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maryland-pardon/) - The governor decides, and he is authorized (but not required) to consult with the parole commission for non-binding advice. Constitution requires governor to publish notice of intent to pardon in newspaper and to report each pardon, with reasons, to legislature. Eligibility under formal regulations requires only completion of sentence, but informal parole commission guidelines require
- [New-Hampshire-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-hampshire-record-relief/) - Convictions for most nonviolent offenses may be “annulled” by the court upon petition after waiting periods ranging from one to ten years after completion of sentence or release from prison, subject to a “public welfare” standard. Victims of human trafficking may have prostitution convictions vacated and annulled, and convictions for marijuana possession may also be
- [Texas-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/texas-record-relief/) - Texas provides no record relief for felony convictions, and authorizes sealing (“order of nondisclosure”) in misdemeanor cases only where the person has no prior convictions or deferred dispositions, after a two-year waiting period for more serious misdemeanors. Sealing is discretionary after a waiting period of up to 5 years for first-offense DUI offenses. An order
- [North-Carolina-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-carolina-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury, all of which are restored automatically upon "unconditional discharge" from sentence. An interpretation of this term to include payment of all court debt was held in September 2020 to violate the state constitution. A person convicted
- [North-Carolina-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-carolina-employment-licensing/) - North Carolina has no general law regulating consideration of criminal records in employment, including any limits on application-stage inquiries. A Certificate of Relief lifts most mandatory employment and licensing bars, and it may be “considered favorably” by employers and licensing agencies. By executive order, state agencies are barred from inquiring about criminal record prior to
- [South-Carolina-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-carolina-record-relief/) - Records of minor misdemeanor convictions and summary offenses may be expunged and destroyed after three years if there are no subsequent convictions (domestic violence convictions must wait five years). Youthful Offender Act (age 17 to 25) convictions for first offense minor felonies and non-violent misdemeanors may be expunged after five years if no prior or
- [Washington-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/washington-record-relief/) - Record relief: Convictions for all but the most serious and violent offenses may be “vacated” and the charges dismissed, upon discharge. For felonies there is a 5 to 10 year waiting period, and for misdemeanors a 3 to 5 year waiting period, during which there may be no new convictions. Certain misdemeanors involving violence or
- [Nebraska-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nebraska-pardon/) - The governor and high officials (secretary of state and attorney general) act as a pardon board, which receives nonbinding advice from the parole board. Eligibility begins 10 years following completion of sentence for felonies and three years for misdemeanors. Until 2018, public hearings were held at regular intervals, and grants issued, a schedule that the
- [Rhode-Island-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/rhode-island-employment-licensing/) - Public and private employers may not ask about an applicant’s criminal record until an initial interview, but thereafter has no substantive or procedural standards to guide decision-making. Under a 2020 law, Rhode Island applies a "substantial relationship" standard to licensing boards under most departments of state government, defines the standard in detail, excludes certain records
- [Georgia-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/georgia-record-relief/) - In 2020, Georgia extended its law on administrative record restriction to make adult misdemeanor convictions and pardoned convictions eligible for administrative relief followed by sealing of court records, pursuant to a petition process after a short conviction-free waiting period with no pending charges. Certain misdemeanors and felonies involving "serious violence" and sexual offenses would not
- [Mississippi-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/mississippi-employment-licensing/) - Mississippi has no general law regulating consideration of criminal record in employment, and it has none of the limits on application-stage inquiries for public employers that exist in numerous states. Pardons remove employment disabilities, and individuals with expunged criminal convictions need not disclose them if asked in connection with an employment application. Licensing agencies “may
- [Kentucky-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kentucky-employment-licensing/) - An executive order prohibits executive branch employers from asking about individuals’ criminal history until after an initial interview, and the standards described above guide decision-making thereafter. The order does not apply to other public employers in the state, or to private employers. A pardon may be useful in lifting barriers to some public employment, but
- [Kansas-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kansas-employment-licensing/) - It is a misdemeanor offense for an employer to ask about a job applicant’s criminal records without their consent. Executive branch employers are prohibited from asking about criminal record at the application stage, but there are no standards to guide decision-making thereafter, and no laws apply to private employers or non-executive branch public agencies. Individuals
- [Georgia-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/georgia-employment-licensing/) - An executive order prohibits most public employers from asking about individuals’ criminal records when they initially apply for employment. Private employers are not subject to any similar restriction. Occupational licenses may not be denied or revoked based on conviction of a felony that does not “directly relate” to the license, as determined by a multifactor
- [Connecticut-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/connecticut-pardon/) - Pardons are issued pursuant to a formal process by an independent board appointed by governor. The board also issues lesser relief styled a "provisional pardon" or "certificate of rehabilitation." A person is eligible to apply for pardon five years after completion of sentence for felonies, after three years for misdemeanors. A public hearing is required
- [Idaho-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/idaho-employment-licensing/) - Idaho has no law generally regulating consideration of criminal record in employment. A pardon relieves employment disabilities imposed by state law or administrative regulation. As of 2020, licensing agencies must determine whether a person’s criminal record is “currently relevant to the applicant’s fitness” to engage in the occupation by a multi-factor test, and vague terms
- [Missouri-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/missouri-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not disqualify applicants based on a conviction unless it “is reasonably related” to their competency to perform the job. In addition, an executive order prohibits executive branch employers from asking individuals about their criminal history on an initial job application. There is no law that restricts how private employers may consider criminal
- [Oklahoma-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oklahoma-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote for a period of time equal to the term of the sentence. Jury eligibility is also lost and is restored only by a pardon. Those convicted of a felony or of misdemeanor embezzlement are disqualified from public office for 15 years after completion of
- [Iowa-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/iowa-employment-licensing/) - Until 2020, Iowa had no general laws limiting or regulating consideration of criminal history in employment or licensing, though certain occupational licenses were subject to a “direct relationship” standard. In 2020 a general licensing law enacted a direct relationship standard, defined rehabilitation broadly (and presumed it after 5 years for most crimes), provided for a
- [Massachusetts-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/massachusetts-employment-licensing/) - Massachusetts’ fair employment practices law makes it unlawful for any covered employer, public or private, to request any information from an employee or applicant for employment about: (1) an arrest without conviction; (2) a first conviction for misdemeanors such as simple assault or minor traffic violations; and (3) any conviction of a misdemeanor that occurred
- [Florida-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/florida-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge adult convictions, including pardoned convictions, with the limited exception of convictions of victims of human trafficking. Courts have discretion to order sealing of some non-conviction records and expungement of others, if the person has no prior convictions and no prior expungements, unless the charges arose under
- [Utah-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/utah-pardon/) - The pardon power is exercised by an independent board appointed by the governor. The board conducts a public hearing with notice to the DA and victim. Board requires a waiting period of five years after completion of sentence, decides by majority vote and publishes its decision with a statement of reasons. An individual who is
- [Idaho-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/idaho-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony and sentenced to a term of imprisonment, including a suspended sentence, loses the rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury. These rights are restored automatically upon completion of any period of imprisonment, parole, or probation. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to
- [Hawaii-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/hawaii-record-relief/) - There is no statutory authority to seal or expunge adult convictions, with two exceptions: convictions for prostitution and related offenses may be vacated and sealed by the court after a three-year waiting period if there are no subsequent convictions; convictions for possession of three ounces or less of marijuana (decriminalized) may be expunged. There is
- [Massachusetts-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/massachusetts-record-relief/) - With certain exceptions, convicted persons are entitled to have their records sealed upon application to the department of probation 7 years after disposition or release from confinement for a felony and 3 years for a misdemeanor, without a conviction in the waiting period. Exceptions include firearms offenses, crimes by public officials, and crimes “against public
- [Puerto-Rico-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/puerto-rico-record-relief/) - Expungement of a conviction is available for misdemeanors and most felonies after a waiting period of six months (misdemeanors) or five years (felonies) without further conviction. The applicant must demonstrate “good moral reputation in the community,” and persons with a felony conviction must provide a DNA sample. A “certificate of rehabilitation” is available from the
- [Virgin-Islands-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virgin-islands-record-relief/) - Expungement is authorized in misdemeanor cases; the government has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that expungement should not be granted. Deferred adjudication is available for people with nonviolent first offenses and first-time drug possession offenses, with expungement after completion of probation. Expungement is also authorized for any youthful offense after a
- [Federal-Record-Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/federal-record-relief/) - There is no general authority to expunge or seal any federal conviction, and federal courts have very limited inherent authority to grant record relief. Deferred adjudication is authorized for first misdemeanor drug possession, with expungement if the defendant was under age 21 at time of offense.
- [Mississippi-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/mississippi-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a specified felony (including murder, rape, theft, and certain other crimes) in a Mississippi state court loses the right to vote. This right can only be restored by the governor through a pardon or statutory restoration of rights process, or by a two-thirds vote of the state legislature. A person convicted
- [Delaware-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/delaware-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote and to sit on a jury. The right to vote is restored after completion of sentence, except for specified serious offenses. Restoration of vote not dependent on payment of fines and restitution. The right to sit on a jury can only be restored by
- [Oregon-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oregon-employment-licensing/) - Public and private employers may not ask about an applicant’s criminal history until an initial interview or until a conditional offer is made. Individuals whose conviction has been set aside and sealed may tell an employer or licensing agency they have not been convicted of the crime. A licensing entity may deny licensure if it
- [Indiana-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/indiana-employment-licensing/) - There is no general law limiting consideration of criminal record in employment, but broad nondiscrimination protection for expunged and sealed offenses, including limits on reporting by background screeners. Ban-the-box is provided by executive order for executive branch employment on initial job applications, but local ban-the-box provisions are prohibited by statute, and no law covers private
- [Tennessee-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/tennessee-pardon/) - The governor decides and may (but is not required to) consult the parole board for non-binding advice. Governor must report reasons to legislature “when requested.” Eligibility after completion of sentence and additional period of good conduct; grants will be based on demonstrated rehabilitation and need, considering whether the applicant has an alternative remedy available. A
- [South-Dakota-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-dakota-pardon/) - The governor refers applicants to a board of pardon and parole for non-binding recommendation; only pardons granted after consideration by board qualify for sealing. An applicant must notify DA and sentencing judge and publish notice of application in a newspaper once a week for three weeks. No eligibility waiting period except that board generally applies
- [Alabama-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alabama-pardon/) - An independent board appointed by the governor exercises pardon power independent of the governor, except in capital cases. The board must make an annual report to governor. A person is eligible to apply upon completion of sentence or after three years of permanent parole. The application form is simple (“intended to facilitate application by individuals
- [Mississippi-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/mississippi-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult the parole board for non-binding advice. By informal policy eligibility begins seven years after completion of sentence. The constitution requires all applicants for pardon to post notice in a newspaper in the county of conviction 30 days prior to making application to governor, setting
- [Wyoming-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wyoming-pardon/) - The governor decides and must report pardons, with reasons, to the legislature every two years. The governor may also restore the right to vote if this is not automatic. People with federal and out-of-state offenses are also eligible for restoration of rights. Eligibility for pardon 10 years after completion of sentence; 5 years for restoration
- [West-Virginia-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/west-virginia-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to seek advice from the parole board. The state constitution requires the governor to report pardons, with reasons, to legislature. No formal eligibility criteria. The board does not conduct a public hearing but must notify DA and judge before making recommendation. Pardon lifts most legal barriers
- [Virginia-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virginia-pardon/) - The governor decides and must report each pardon, with reasons, to the legislature annually. The governor is authorized to consult with the parole board for non-binding advice. There are several different kinds of pardon: “simple” (forgiveness); partial (to reduce sentence retroactively and used to avoid immigration consequences); “conditional” (commutation); and “absolute” (innocence). “Simple” pardon does
- [Virgin-Islands-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virgin-islands-pardon/) - The governor has power to pardon offenses under local laws, and no specific process is specified. Each governor appears to follow their own procedures and standards.
- [Vermont-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/vermont-pardon/) - The governor decides and may consult parole board. Eligibility generally 10 years after conviction; must show rehabilitation, benefit to society, and employment-related need. No hearing. Restores rights and relieves disabilities, including firearms. Pardons infrequent.
- [Texas-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/texas-pardon/) - The governor may not grant a pardon except upon the affirmative recommendation of the board of pardons and paroles. The board considers cases confidentially on a written record and recommends only a small percentage of those that apply. Eligibility upon completion of sentence; people convicted of misdemeanors may apply. Pardon restores civil rights, removes some
- [South-Carolina-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/south-carolina-pardon/) - Pardons are granted by an independent board appointed by governor, except in capital cases. Eligibility following completion of sentence or after five years under supervision and payment of restitution in full. Public hearings. Pardon erases all legal effects of conviction, including sex offender registration and predicate effect, but does not result in sealing or expungement.
- [Rhode-Island-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/rhode-island-pardon/) - The governor may not act without affirmative recommendation of state senate, with the result that pardons are rare (none since 2000). No eligibility requirements, and no process specified. Restores right to hold public office and lifts occupational and licensing bars.
- [Puerto-Rico-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/puerto-rico-pardon/) - The governor decides and may (but is not required to) consult parole board. No formal eligibility requirements, but recent policy has imposed a five-year waiting period after completion of sentence. No public hearing. Pardon “eliminates” the conviction from police and court records.
- [Oregon-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oregon-pardon/) - The governor decides with no provision for advice, and process is informal within governor’s office; governor must report pardons, with reasons, to legislature. The governor generally will not consider misdemeanors and minor felonies, for which set-aside is available. Relieves all legal disabilities and, as of 2019, authorizes the court to seal the record. Pardons have
- [Oklahoma-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/oklahoma-pardon/) - The governor may not act without the affirmative recommendation of the board of pardons and parole; governor must report pardons, but not reasons, to legislature. Eligibility begins after completion of sentence, or after five years under supervision. The board holds a public hearing in every case (the applicant generally does not appear) and it may
- [North-Dakota-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-dakota-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to appoint a “pardon advisory board,” consisting of the state attorney general, two members of the parole board, and two citizens, staffed by the corrections department. According to published criteria, an applicant “must have encountered a significant problem with the consequences of the conviction or sentence
- [New-York-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-york-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult parole board for non-binding advice; governor must report pardons, with reasons, to legislature annually. No stated eligibility criteria or formal process, and applicants generally not considered if alternative administrative remedies are available. Gov. Andrew Cuomo has exercised his pardon power in several unusual ways
- [New-Mexico-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-mexico-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult parole board for non-binding advice or investigation. Current eligibility guidelines require lengthy waiting periods after discharge from sentence, and exclude many categories of offense, including misdemeanors. The process is informal. A pardon restores rights of citizenship and relieves other legal disabilities under state law,
- [New-Hampshire-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-hampshire-pardon/) - The governor may not act without the affirmative recommendation of the executive council. Persons eligible for “annulment” under state law generally will not be considered for a pardon. Pardon eliminates all consequences of conviction but does not expunge the record. Pardons are rare: while the governor receives several dozen applications each year, only three pardons
- [Nevada-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nevada-pardon/) - The governor and high officials (justices of supreme court and attorney general) act as a pardon board, and all pardons must be reported regularly to the legislature. Changes to several constitutionally required aspects of board operations, including that the governor approve all grants, have been approved twice by the legislature and will be considered by
- [Montana-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/montana-pardon/) - The pardon power is vested in the governor, but the legislature may control the process. The governor must report pardons, with reasons, to the legislature. Prior to March 2015, the governor could issue a pardon only upon the favorable recommendation of the board of pardons and parole, but the board’s role in clemency cases has
- [Michigan-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/michigan-pardon/) - The governor decides after mandatory (though non-binding) consultation with parole board. The governor is required to report annually to legislature a list of pardons with reasons. There are no statutory eligibility criteria, but the process before the board is set forth in detail. All applications must be referred to the parole board; if board holds
- [Maine-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maine-pardon/) - The governor’s constitutional pardon power is subject to regulation “relative to the manner of applying,” but the only regulation relates to the applicant’s obligation to notify the prosecutor and post a notice in the newspaper in county of conviction prior to a hearing. The governor is advised by a non-statutory advisory board that he appoints.
- [Louisiana-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/louisiana-pardon/) - The governor may not grant a pardon without the affirmative recommendation of the parole board. Eligibility begins after completion of sentence, plus payment of costs. Public hearings held at regular intervals, with approval of 4/5 board members required. Prosecutor and victims must be notified by board and applicant must publish notice in newspaper. Full pardon
- [Kentucky-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/kentucky-pardon/) - The governor is authorized (but not required) to consult the parole board and is not bound by its advice. The governor must report to legislature annually on pardons granted with reasons. Applicants must wait seven years after completion of sentence before applying, and no public hearing. Pardon power also used to restore right to vote
- [Iowa-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/iowa-pardon/) - The governor's pardon power is subject to statutory regulation, and he is required to consider non-binding recommendations from the parole board. The governor must report to the legislature every two years on his pardons, with the reasons for each one. For restoration of rights, application may be filed upon completion of sentence, including payment of
- [Indiana-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/indiana-pardon/) - The governor decides and is authorized (but not required) to consult with the parole board, which may make non-binding recommendations to the governor. The governor must report annually to legislature on each grant at its next scheduled meeting. The board notifies victims, court, and prosecutor, and it investigates and holds a hearing where petitioner and
- [Idaho-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/idaho-pardon/) - An independent board appointed by governor unilaterally grants pardon except for crimes involving serious violence and drugs, which must be approved by the governor. The reasons for each pardon must be filed with Secretary of State. Eligibility begins three years after completion of sentence for non-violent offenses and after five years for violent offenses. An
- [Hawaii-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/hawaii-pardon/) - The governor issues pardons and is authorized but not required to consult the parole board for a recommendation. The board investigates each case and interviews the applicant, but there is no public hearing. It then makes a recommendation to the attorney general's office, which conducts its own investigation and makes a recommendation to the governor.
- [Georgia-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/georgia-pardon/) - An independent board appointed by the governor exercises the pardon power, reporting annually to legislature, the governor, and the attorney general. The board issues pardons both with and without restoration of firearms rights. The board may also restore civil and political rights to persons with federal and out-of-state convictions. Eligibility for pardon five years after
- [Florida-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/florida-pardon/) - The governor and three cabinet officials act as pardon board; governor decides with concurrence of two of those officials. The governor must report pardons and grants to restore civil rights to the legislature. Pardon eligibility begins ten years following completion of sentence. Restoration of rights is also available from the pardon board, with eligibility from
- [District-of-Columbia-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/district-of-columbia-pardon/) - Only the president can pardon D.C. Code criminal offenses. Under Justice Department regulations there is a five-year eligibility period (after completion of sentence or release from confinement). There is no hearing, and no time limit on process. In 2018 a specialized clemency board to consider only D.C. Code offenses was established by the D.C. City
- [Delaware-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/delaware-pardon/) - The governor has the power to pardon but may not act without an affirmative recommendation from a clemency board composed of senior government officials, chaired by the lieutenant governor. A person is eligible to apply 3-5 years following completion of sentence, depending on seriousness of the offense, and earlier in extraordinary circumstances. Public hearings are
- [California-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/california-pardon/) - The governor's constitutional power to pardon first felony offenders is unlimited, and he is authorized but not required to consult with the parole board. In cases where an applicant has more than one felony conviction, the constitution provides that a pardon may not issue except upon the affirmative recommendation of four supreme court justices, and
- [Arkansas-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arkansas-pardon/) - The governor has the constitutional power to pardon but is required by statute to consult the parole board for a non-binding recommendation before making a grant. The board and governor must each give 30 days’ public notice of intention to recommend or grant, stating their reasons, and the governor is constitutionally required to report to the
- [Arizona-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arizona-pardon/) - By statute, the governor’s authority to act depends upon receiving an affirmative recommendation from the board of executive clemency, which must conduct a public hearing and publish its recommendations to the governor with its reasons. The governor must report pardons, with reasons, to the legislature. Pardon relieves the legal consequences of conviction, but it does
- [Alaska-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alaska-pardon/) - The pardon power is vested in the governor, who is advised by an informal executive clemency advisory committee. Applications are submitted to the parole board whose staff determines eligibility by unstated criteria. If a person is deemed eligible, the parole board investigates, consults with DA and sentencing court, and prepares a confidential recommendation to the
- [Federal-Pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/federal-pardon/) - The president’s constitutional authority to pardon is unlimited and considered unreviewable in the courts. The president has relied historically upon advice from the Department of Justice. Under justice clemency rules, a person becomes eligible to apply for a pardon five years after imposition of sentence or release from confinement; there is no public hearing and
- [Virgin-Islands-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virgin-islands-civil-firearms/) - A sentence of imprisonment for any term of more than one year suspends all the civil rights of the person so sentenced, and the person forfeits all public offices and private trusts. The right to vote is restored upon completion of sentence, including payment of court costs, and the right to stand for office depends
- [Utah-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/utah-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony or election-related misdemeanor loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the right to sit on a jury, and regains eligibility by expungement. The right to hold public office is regained by expungement, or after the passage of 10 years
- [Rhode-Island-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/rhode-island-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the right to serve on a jury, which is restored after completion of sentence. A person convicted of a felony, or who is sentenced to more than six months in jail for
- [Puerto-Rico-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/puerto-rico-civil-firearms/) - The right to vote is not affected by a conviction. A person convicted of a felony loses all other civil rights until completion of sentence. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to possess a firearm, unless the conviction is pardoned or expunged.
- [New-Hampshire-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-hampshire-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote and hold public office, but only while incarcerated. The right to serve on a jury is also lost upon conviction and restored if the sentencing court annuls the conviction. A person convicted of a felony drug offense or a felony “against the person or
- [Nevada-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nevada-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. The rights to hold public office and serve on a jury are also lost upon conviction. Eligibility for civil juries is restored upon completion of sentence, and eligibility for criminal juries is restored six years after completion of sentence. Eligibility
- [Montana-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/montana-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote only while incarcerated. The rights to hold public office and sit on a jury are also lost upon conviction of a felony and are restored upon completion of sentence. Firearms rights are lost only if conviction involves a dangerous weapon; may be regained by
- [Michigan-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/michigan-civil-firearms/) - A person who has been convicted is disqualified from voting while “confined,” whether for a felony or misdemeanor. Only certain convictions disqualify a person from office. A felony conviction results in ineligibility for jury service, until the conviction is set aside or pardoned. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to possess a
- [Maine-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/maine-civil-firearms/) - The rights to vote, hold public office, and serve on a jury are not affected by a conviction. A person convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for at least one year, or a crime involving the use of a dangerous weapon, loses the right to possess a firearm. A juvenile adjudicated for any analogous
- [Hawaii-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/hawaii-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the right to vote, but only while incarcerated. A person convicted of a felony also loses the rights to hold public office and serve on a jury. The right to hold public office is restored upon completion of sentence (including parole), but the right to serve on a
- [Arkansas-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/arkansas-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote and to serve on a jury. The right to vote is restored automatically after completion of sentence, including payment of fines and restitution. The right to serve on a jury can only be restored by a pardon. A person convicted of certain crimes of
- [Alaska-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alaska-civil-firearms/) - A person convicted of a felony loses the rights to vote, to run for state office, and to serve on a jury. These rights are restored automatically upon completion of sentence. A person convicted of a felony loses the right to possess a “concealable weapon” (such as a handgun) for 10 years following completion of
- [Federal-Civil-Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/federal-civil-firearms/) - State law governs loss and restoration of the right to vote in federal or state elections, as well as eligibility for state jury service and state public office, for people with state or federal convictions. Federal jury eligibility is lost upon conviction in state or federal court of a crime punishable by more than one
- [Wyoming-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wyoming-employment-licensing/) - Wyoming has no laws restricting consideration of criminal record in employment, including limits on application-stage employer inquiries. Licensing agencies may not deny licensure based on a conviction that is more than 20 years old, except where the person is still under sentence or the sentence was completed fewer than 10 years before, unless the elements
- [Wisconsin-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/wisconsin-employment-licensing/) - Wisconsin’s general fair employment act extends to criminal record as a prohibited ground for adverse action by public and private employers and licensing agencies (it is one of only a handful of states to include such a provision and provide for its administrative enforcement). However, it is not unlawful under this law to take adverse
- [Virgin-Islands-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/virgin-islands-employment-licensing/) - Most public nor private employers may not ask about or consider non-conviction or sealed records. The Virgin Islands has no general laws limiting consideration of criminal record in licensing.
- [Texas-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/texas-employment-licensing/) - Texas has no laws restricting consideration of criminal record in employment, including limits on application-stage employer inquiries. However, Texas has strict laws regulating background screeners, requiring that they get records only from a criminal justice agency and give individuals the right to challenge accuracy of records. They may not publish records whose disclosure is prohibited
- [Tennessee-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/tennessee-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not ask about individuals’ criminal histories until after an initial screening, and thereafter must consider a variety of militating factors in reaching a decision, including seriousness of offense and time elapsed since it occurred. A judicial “certificate of employability” or a pardon may facilitate employment or licensure. Licensing agencies may not reject
- [Puerto-Rico-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/puerto-rico-employment-licensing/) - Puerto Rico has no laws restricting consideration of criminal record in employment and licensing, but its broad expungement law may reduce the need for such laws.
- [North-Dakota-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/north-dakota-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not ask about criminal record until an applicant has been selected for an interview, but thereafter no procedural standards and substantive criteria guide the employer’s decision-making. Occupational, professional and business licenses may not be denied because of a conviction unless: 1) the offense has a “direct bearing” on the applicant’s ability to
- [New-Hampshire-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/new-hampshire-employment-licensing/) - Employers and licensing agencies may not ask job seekers and license applicants whether their criminal history includes an annulled offense. Beyond this, there are no limits on application-stage inquiries, or other restrictions on how public or private employers may consider criminal records. Licensing boards may reject an application due to a criminal conviction only if
- [Nevada-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/nevada-employment-licensing/) - Public employers may not inquire into an applicant’s criminal history until a final interview or conditional offer. Thereafter, they may not deny employment until they have considered whether the offense is directly related to the position sought using a multi-part test. Public employers must provide rejected applicants a written notice specifying the reasons, and an
- [Montana-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/montana-employment-licensing/) - Montana has no law regulating consideration of criminal record in public or private employment, including the limits on application-stage inquiry by public employers that most other states have adopted. A criminal conviction may not operate as an "automatic bar" to licensure, but may be grounds for denial or revocation of a license if the conviction
- [Florida-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/florida-employment-licensing/) - Florida does not limit application-stage inquiries into criminal history, and public employers and occupational licensing agencies may disqualify job applicants if their convictions “directly relate” to the job. Bars to employment or licensing in healthcare professions may be waived on a case-by-case basis. Licensing in construction and cosmetology trades subject to standards more favorable to
- [California-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/california-employment-licensing/) - Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) prohibits pre-employment inquiry into criminal history by public employers and private employers with five or more employees until after a conditional offer has been made. Thereafter, employers may not consider non-conviction records, convictions that have been dismissed or set aside, pardoned convictions and convictions for which an individual has
- [Alaska-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/alaska-employment-licensing/) - Alaska has no general law regulating consideration of criminal record in employment or occupational licensing. Specifically, it has adopted none of the procedural and substantive limits on consideration of criminal records adopted by other states in recent years (i.e. ban-the-box, fair chance licensing reforms, etc.). Licensing entities may not consider pardoned convictions, although they may
- [Federal-Employment-Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/text-blocks/federal-employment-licensing/) - Effective in 2021, federal agencies and contractors may not inquire into an applicant’s criminal history until after a conditional offer has been made. The Equal Opportunity Employment Commission has interpreted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to bar employers from discriminating against individual based on their criminal history, absent justifying business necessity.

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/uncategorized/)
- [Caselaw](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/caselaw/)
- [Commentary](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/commentary/)
- [Legislation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/legislation/)
- [News](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/news/)
- [Policy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/policy/)
- [Reports](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/reports/)
- [Topics](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/)
- [Relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/)
- [Juveniles](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/juveniles/)
- [Immigration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/immigration/)
- [Firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/firearms/)
- [Housing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/housing-cctypes/)
- [Employment/Licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/employmentlicensing/)
- [Voting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/voting-rights/)
- [Constitutional Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/)
- [Education](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/education/)
- [Sex Offender Registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/)
- [Criminal Records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/criminal-records/)
- [Scholarly articles](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/scholarly-articles/)
- [Criminal Practice & Procedure](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/criminal-practice-2/)
- [Expungement/sealing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/expungement/)
- [Pardon/clemency](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/pardon-relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/)
- [Ex post facto](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/ex-post-facto/)
- [Due process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/due-process/)
- [Right to counsel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/right-to-counsel/)
- [Equal protection](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/equal-protection/)
- [Second Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/second-amendment/)
- [Finance & Banking](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/featured-2/)
- [Set-aside/Vacatur](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/set-asidevacatur/)
- [Advocacy Groups](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/advocacy-groups/)
- [Civil practice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/civil-practice/)
- [pardon power](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/pardon-power/)
- [Types of Consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/)
- [Government Benefits](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/govtbenefits/)
- [Administrative law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/administrative-law/)
- [International/comparative](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/internationalcomparative/)
- [travel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/travel/)
- [Certificates of relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/certificates-of-relief/)
- [Eighth Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/eighth-amendment/)
- [Civil rights restored](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/civil-rights-restored/)
- [Driving](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/driving/)
- [Sixth Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/sixth-amendment/)
- [New legislation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/new-legislation/)
- [First Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/constitutional-law/first-amendment/)
- [Fines and fees](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/fines-and-fees/)
- [Diversion/deferred dispositions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/diversion-deferred-dispositions/)
- [diversion/deferral](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/relief-from-collateral-consequences-issues/diversion-deferral/)
- [advocacy campaigns](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/advocacy-groups/advocacy-campaigns/)
- [non-conviction records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/non-conviction-records/)
- [Jury service](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/jury-service/)
- [Loans and grants](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/loans-and-grants/)
- [Finance and banking](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/finance-and-banking/)
- [restitution](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/restitution/)
- [federal contracts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/federal-contracts/)

## Tags

- [relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/relief-from-collateral-consequences/)
- [California](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/california/)
- [clemency](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clemency/)
- [District of Columbia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/d-c/)
- [federal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal/)
- [felony](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/felony/)
- [firearms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/firearm-rights/)
- [food stamps](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/food-stamps/)
- [Maryland](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maryland/)
- [Missouri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/missouri/)
- [New Jersey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-jersey/)
- [pardon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pardon/)
- [Pennsylvania](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pennsylvania/)
- [sex offender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sex-offender/)
- [Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/virginia/)
- [welfare](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/welfare/)
- [expunction](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/expunction/)
- [North Carolina](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/north-carolina/)
- [New York](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-york/)
- [ban-the-box](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ban-the-box/)
- [housing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/housing/)
- [lawsuits](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lawsuits/)
- [misdemeanor](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/misdemeanor/)
- [Jenny Roberts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jenny-roberts/)
- [courts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/courts/)
- [criminal practice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-practice/)
- [We Are All Criminals](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/we-are-all-criminals/)
- [Emily Baxter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/emily-baxter/)
- [New York Times](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-york-times/)
- [Fair Employment Opportunities Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-employment-opportunities-project/)
- [Mike Tobin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mike-tobin/)
- [defense](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/defense/)
- [Wisconsin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wisconsin/)
- [expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/expungment/)
- [Oklahoma](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/oklahoma/)
- [Alabama](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alabama/)
- [Arkansas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/arkansas/)
- [Colorado](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/colorado/)
- [Indiana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/indiana/)
- [Minnesota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/minnesota/)
- [Tennessee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/tennessee/)
- [Connecticut](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/connecticut/)
- [Rhode Island](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rhode-island/)
- [Vermont](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vermont/)
- [Ohio](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ohio/)
- [Uniform Law Commission](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uniform-law-commission/)
- [American Law Institute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/american-law-institute/)
- [Uniform Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uniform-act/)
- [Model Penal Code](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/model-penal-code/)
- [featured](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/featured/)
- [juvenile](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/juvenile/)
- [Juvenile Law Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/juvenile-law-center/)
- [criminal records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-records-2/)
- [Idaho](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/idaho/)
- [New Mexico](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-mexico/)
- [plea bargains](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/plea-bargains/)
- [Michelle Alexander](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/michelle-alexander/)
- [Steve Zeidman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/steve-zeidman/)
- [Glenn Martin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/glenn-martin/)
- [reentry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reentry/)
- [reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reform/)
- [Michelle Rodriguez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/michelle-rodriguez/)
- [NELP](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nelp/)
- [FCRA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fcra/)
- [Fair Credit Reporting Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-credit-reporting-act/)
- [background check](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/background-check/)
- [professional licenses](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/professional-licenses/)
- [schools](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/schools/)
- [sentencing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sentencing/)
- [guilty plea](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/guilty-plea/)
- [set-aside](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/set-aside/)
- [immigration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/immigration-2/)
- [labels](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/labels/)
- [Obama](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/obama/)
- [2016 election](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/2016-election/)
- [James Webb](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/james-webb/)
- [George W Bush](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/george-w-bush/)
- [Canada](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/canada/)
- [sealing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sealing/)
- [nondiscrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nondiscrimination/)
- [parole board](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/parole-board/)
- [Mississippi](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mississippi/)
- [Georgia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/georgia/)
- [South Carolina](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/south-carolina/)
- [New Southern Strategy Coalition](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-southern-strategy-coalition/)
- [Devah Pager](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/devah-pager/)
- [Ohio Justice and Policy Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ohio-justice-and-policy-center/)
- [restoration of rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/restoration-of-rights/)
- [background checking](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/background-checking/)
- [race](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/race/)
- [affirmative action](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/affirmative-action/)
- [health](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/health/)
- [incarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/incarceration/)
- [Vera Institute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vera-institute/)
- [president obama](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/president-obama/)
- [Department of Justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/department-of-justice/)
- [Illinois](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/illinois/)
- [Blagojevich](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/blagojevich/)
- [Quinn](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/quinn/)
- [employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/employment/)
- [licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/licensing/)
- [certificates of good conduct](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificates-of-good-conduct/)
- [certificates of relief from disabilities](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificates-of-relief-from-disabilities/)
- [osler](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/osler/)
- [barkow](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/barkow/)
- [Proposition 47](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/proposition-47/)
- [Delaware](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/delaware/)
- [Opportunity to Compete Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/opportunity-to-compete-act/)
- [NACDL Restoration of Rights Resource](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nacdl-restoration-of-rights-resource/)
- [negligent hiring](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/negligent-hiring/)
- [sex offender registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sex-offender-registration/)
- [CIVICC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/civicc/)
- [Lawyers Committee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lawyers-committee/)
- [municipal ordinances](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/municipal-ordinances/)
- [NICCC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/niccc/)
- [Rebecca Vallas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rebecca-vallas/)
- [Sharon Dietrich](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sharon-dietrich/)
- [Center for American Progress](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/center-for-american-progress/)
- [poverty](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/poverty/)
- [registration and community notification](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/registration-and-community-notification/)
- [Hawaii](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hawaii/)
- [West Virginia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/west-virginia/)
- [Wayne Logan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wayne-logan/)
- [Massachusetts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/massachusetts/)
- [Mark Wahlberg](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mark-wahlberg/)
- [liquor license](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/liquor-license/)
- [smart on crime](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/smart-on-crime/)
- [amy solomon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/amy-solomon/)
- [licensing agencies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/licensing-agencies/)
- [NPR](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/npr/)
- [Wall Street Journal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wall-street-journal/)
- [Argersinger](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/argersinger/)
- [Barack Obama](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/barack-obama/)
- [Anthony Kennedy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/anthony-kennedy/)
- [Jerry Brown](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jerry-brown/)
- [Pat Quinn](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pat-quinn/)
- [Justice Department](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/justice-department/)
- [taxi](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/taxi/)
- [Uber](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uber/)
- [Amy Meek](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/amy-meek/)
- [Youth Corrections Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/youth-corrections-act/)
- [school](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/school/)
- [Scalia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scalia/)
- [Heller](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/heller/)
- [Right to bear arms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/right-to-bear-arms/)
- [Gura](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gura/)
- [Binderup](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/binderup/)
- [McMillin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mcmillin/)
- [credit reporting companies](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/credit-reporting-companies/)
- [Beecham](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beecham/)
- [roberts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/roberts/)
- [klingele](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/klingele/)
- [love](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/love/)
- [prosecutors](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prosecutors/)
- [politics](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/politics/)
- [Patrick](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/patrick/)
- [Ehrlich](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ehrlich/)
- [journalism](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/journalism/)
- [Wahlberg](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wahlberg/)
- [DACA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/daca/)
- [DAPA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dapa/)
- [National Immigration Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-immigration-project/)
- [Immigrant Legal Resource Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/immigrant-legal-resource-center/)
- [Florida](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/florida/)
- [Miami](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/miami/)
- [residency restrictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/residency-restrictions/)
- [ACLU](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/aclu/)
- [Council of State Governments](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/council-of-state-governments/)
- [CCRC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ccrc/)
- [Gary Fields](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gary-fields/)
- [John Emschwiller](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/john-emschwiller/)
- [EEOC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eeoc/)
- [background checks](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/background-checks/)
- [Center for Sex Offender Management](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/center-for-sex-offender-management/)
- [youthful offenders](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/youthful-offenders/)
- [Hemp](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hemp/)
- [Jain](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jain/)
- [arrest](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/arrest/)
- [child custody](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/child-custody/)
- [regulation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/regulation/)
- [Vera](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vera/)
- [mental illness](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mental-illness/)
- [East Bay Community Law Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/east-bay-community-law-center/)
- [UC Berkeley](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uc-berkeley/)
- [Spain](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/spain/)
- [clean slate](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clean-slate/)
- [Board of Parole Hearings](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/board-of-parole-hearings/)
- [Certificate of Rehabilitation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-rehabilitation/)
- [Carnes](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/carnes/)
- [L.A. Times](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/l-a-times/)
- [Makowski](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/makowski/)
- [Michigan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/michigan/)
- [FINRA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/finra/)
- [Stanford Law Review](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stanford-law-review/)
- [Nnebe v. Daus](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nnebe-v-daus/)
- [victim](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/victim/)
- [data mining](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/data-mining/)
- [credit reporting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/credit-reporting/)
- [travel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/travel/)
- [international](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/international/)
- [trusted traveler](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/trusted-traveler/)
- [Customs and Border Protection](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/customs-and-border-protection/)
- [Feil](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/feil/)
- [alaska](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alaska/)
- [Maine](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maine/)
- [registration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/registration/)
- [notification](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/notification/)
- [Stork](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stork/)
- [Haddon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/haddon/)
- [public defender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/public-defender/)
- [alternate defense counsel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alternate-defense-counsel/)
- [police](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/police/)
- [Ferguson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ferguson/)
- [Cleveland](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cleveland/)
- [Baltimore](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/baltimore/)
- [Osvaldo Hernandez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/osvaldo-hernandez/)
- [NYPD](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nypd/)
- [Pinard](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pinard/)
- [Certificate of Employability](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-employability/)
- [Council ofState Governments](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/council-ofstate-governments/)
- [Iowa](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/iowa/)
- [Haveman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/haveman/)
- [Schuette](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/schuette/)
- [Criminal Justice Policy Commission](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-justice-policy-commission/)
- [Louisiana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/louisiana/)
- [European Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/european-court/)
- [Jacobs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jacobs/)
- [Larrauri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/larrauri/)
- [employment discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/employment-discrimination/)
- [Lincoln](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lincoln/)
- [Tribune](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/tribune/)
- [non-discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/non-discrimination/)
- [Europe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/europe/)
- [Sweden](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sweden/)
- [national Lawyers Guild Review](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-lawyers-guild-review/)
- [stupple](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stupple/)
- [Maritime Security Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maritime-security-act/)
- [TWIC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/twic/)
- [Brown](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/brown/)
- [Kasich](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kasich/)
- [NACDL](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nacdl/)
- [Hickenlooper](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hickenlooper/)
- [Scott](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scott/)
- [Nebraska](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nebraska/)
- [Laurrari](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/laurrari/)
- [Rockefeller](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rockefeller/)
- [McAuliffe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mcauliffe/)
- [Clinton](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clinton/)
- [Rector](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rector/)
- [SBA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sba/)
- [Small Business Administration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/small-business-administration/)
- [Federal Reentry Council](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-reentry-council/)
- [loans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/loans/)
- [parole](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/parole/)
- [probation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/probation/)
- [resources](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/resources/)
- [Papillon Foundation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/papillon-foundation/)
- [Courtney](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/courtney/)
- [Solomon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/solomon/)
- [Akron Law School](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/akron-law-school/)
- [Sahl](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sahl/)
- [certificate of relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-relief/)
- [CQE](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cqe/)
- [Second Circuit](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/second-circuit/)
- [Erasure Statute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/erasure-statute/)
- [Martin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/martin/)
- [Google](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/google/)
- [New Yorker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-yorker/)
- [Toobin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/toobin/)
- [privacy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/privacy/)
- [Emsellem](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/emsellem/)
- [Rodriguez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rodriguez/)
- [Jeb Bush](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jeb-bush/)
- [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/consumer-financial-protection-bureau/)
- [OPM](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/opm/)
- [Executive Order](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/executive-order/)
- [federal contracting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-contracting/)
- [Maritim Transportation Security Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maritim-transportation-security-act/)
- [eternal criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eternal-criminal-record/)
- [harvard](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/harvard/)
- [DNA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dna/)
- [European Court of Human Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/european-court-of-human-rights/)
- [fingerprints](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fingerprints/)
- [U.S.](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/u-s/)
- [Buzzfeed](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/buzzfeed/)
- [Pardon Attorney](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pardon-attorney/)
- [USA Today](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/usa-today/)
- [lawyer](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lawyer/)
- [law school](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/law-school/)
- [St. John's](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/st-johns/)
- [Lippman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lippman/)
- [Powers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/powers/)
- [Acevedo](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/acevedo/)
- [Korte](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/korte/)
- [Desautels](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/desautels/)
- [Gillette v. Uber](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gillette-v-uber/)
- [Goldstein](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/goldstein/)
- [Borgen](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/borgen/)
- [Dardarian & Ho](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dardarian-ho/)
- [Lee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lee/)
- [Dietrich](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dietrich/)
- [Klein](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/klein/)
- [Title VII](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/title-vii/)
- [discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/discrimination/)
- [Civil Rights Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/civil-rights-act/)
- [Clarence Thomas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clarence-thomas/)
- [deferred adjudication](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/deferred-adjudication/)
- [Suarez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/suarez/)
- [Third Circuit](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/third-circuit/)
- [City Lights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/city-lights/)
- [certificate of good conduct](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-good-conduct/)
- [Nathan Deal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nathan-deal/)
- [StEPP](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stepp/)
- [SUNY](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/suny/)
- [Center for Community Alternatives](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/center-for-community-alternatives/)
- [Holder](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/holder/)
- [Attorney General](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/attorney-general/)
- [Clemency Project 2014](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clemency-project-2014/)
- [Rosenthal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rosenthal/)
- [Stanford](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stanford/)
- [Berkeley](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/berkeley/)
- [Cory Booker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cory-booker/)
- [Rand Paul](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rand-paul/)
- [REDEEM Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/redeem-act/)
- [Blankenship](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/blankenship/)
- [New Hampshire](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-hampshire/)
- [DuPont](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dupont/)
- [Logan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/logan/)
- [certificates](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificates/)
- [Biebel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/biebel/)
- [My Brother's Keeper](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/my-brothers-keeper/)
- [Marshall Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marshall-project/)
- [Huffington Post](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/huffington-post/)
- [Reagan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reagan/)
- [Bush](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bush/)
- [FBI records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fbi-records/)
- [General Accountability Office](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/general-accountability-office/)
- [Baxter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/baxter/)
- [Atlantic](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/atlantic/)
- [group home](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/group-home/)
- [Bender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bender/)
- [Crowley](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crowley/)
- [Facebook](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/facebook/)
- [tweet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/tweet/)
- [Politico](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/politico/)
- [India](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/india/)
- [Sitaraman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sitaraman/)
- [history sheet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/history-sheet/)
- [rowdy sheet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rowdy-sheet/)
- [infamia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/infamia/)
- [sex offender registries](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sex-offender-registries/)
- [shriver center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/shriver-center/)
- [cls](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cls/)
- [criminal record](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-record/)
- [provider](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/provider/)
- [commercial](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/commercial/)
- [driver license](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/driver-license/)
- [suspension](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/suspension/)
- [revocation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/revocation/)
- [milwaukee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/milwaukee/)
- [fines](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fines/)
- [driving](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/driving/)
- [apple](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/apple/)
- [ben jealous](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ben-jealous/)
- [hiring](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hiring/)
- [technology](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/technology/)
- [Markell](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/markell/)
- [Bullock](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bullock/)
- [pardon increase](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pardon-increase/)
- [Bauer](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bauer/)
- [commutation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/commutation/)
- [drug war](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drug-war/)
- [Simon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/simon/)
- [The Wire](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/the-wire/)
- [Jack Chin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jack-chin/)
- [Booker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/booker/)
- [Alexander](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alexander/)
- [parole eligibility](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/parole-eligibility/)
- [Padilla](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/padilla/)
- [Sixth Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sixth-amendment/)
- [national inventory of collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-inventory-of-collateral-consequences/)
- [aba](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/aba/)
- [uccca](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uccca/)
- [american bar association](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/american-bar-association/)
- [Blitsa](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/blitsa/)
- [Greece](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/greece/)
- [law license](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/law-license/)
- [medical license](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/medical-license/)
- [Second Chance Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/second-chance-act/)
- [Hogan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hogan/)
- [Fortune Society](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fortune-society/)
- [Gleeson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gleeson/)
- [Doe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/doe/)
- [federal courts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-courts/)
- [health care](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/health-care/)
- [OAPSA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/oapsa/)
- [Nakamura](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nakamura/)
- [Peake](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/peake/)
- [Nixon v. Commonwealth](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nixon-v-commonwealth/)
- [Cole](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cole/)
- [voting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/voting/)
- [Hillary Clinton](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hillary-clinton/)
- [Berman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/berman/)
- [Federal Defenders](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-defenders/)
- [President](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/president/)
- [Vietnam](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vietnam/)
- [Beccaria](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beccaria/)
- [corporate consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/corporate-consequences/)
- [banks](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/banks/)
- [United States Attorneys Manual](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/united-states-attorneys-manual/)
- [Marisa Feil](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marisa-feil/)
- [NCIC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ncic/)
- [border](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/border/)
- [inadmissibility](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/inadmissibility/)
- [Border Services Agency](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/border-services-agency/)
- [DUI](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dui/)
- [Atkinson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/atkinson/)
- [PBS NewsHour](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pbs-newshour/)
- [felman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/felman/)
- [Price](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/price/)
- [Leff](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/leff/)
- [microloans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/microloans/)
- [White House](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/white-house/)
- [escort](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/escort/)
- [Johnson v. United States](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/johnson-v-united-states/)
- [SCOTUS](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scotus/)
- [Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/supreme-court/)
- [vagueness](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vagueness/)
- [The Crime Report](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/the-crime-report/)
- [Federal Reentry Policy Council](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-reentry-policy-council/)
- [tobin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/tobin/)
- [youthful offender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/youthful-offender/)
- [nurse](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nurse/)
- [New York City Human Rights Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-york-city-human-rights-law/)
- [NAACP](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/naacp/)
- [Monster](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/monster/)
- [Indeed](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/indeed/)
- [ZipRecruiter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ziprecruiter/)
- [palazzolo](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/palazzolo/)
- [Henry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/henry/)
- [insurance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/insurance/)
- [liability](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/liability/)
- [Isikoff](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/isikoff/)
- [Sala Udin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sala-udin/)
- [Pittsburgh](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pittsburgh/)
- [Isiikofff](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/isiikofff/)
- [Eggleston](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eggleston/)
- [Bennett](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bennett/)
- [Yuhas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/yuhas/)
- [fair hiring](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-hiring/)
- [Jane Doe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jane-doe/)
- [Hyatt](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hyatt/)
- [Sentencing Commission](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sentencing-commission/)
- [sentence reduction](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sentence-reduction/)
- [margaret love](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/margaret-love/)
- [pardon office](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pardon-office/)
- [occupational](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/occupational/)
- [professional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/professional/)
- [Slate](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/slate/)
- [Leon Neyfakh](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/leon-neyfakh/)
- [Cuomo](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cuomo/)
- [Pope Francis](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pope-francis/)
- [collateral consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/collateral-consequences/)
- [audita querela](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/audita-querela/)
- [All Writs Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/all-writs-act/)
- [Dearie](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dearie/)
- [Stephenson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stephenson/)
- [unc](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/unc/)
- [interstate travel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/interstate-travel/)
- [inter-jurisdictional](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/inter-jurisdictional/)
- [Beshear](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beshear/)
- [Kentucky](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kentucky/)
- [Bevin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bevin/)
- [Gouldin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gouldin/)
- [European Union](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/european-union/)
- [international travel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/international-travel/)
- [children](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/children/)
- [parents](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/parents/)
- [family](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/family/)
- [Malloy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/malloy/)
- [Medicare](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/medicare/)
- [Clean Slate Clearinghouse](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clean-slate-clearinghouse/)
- [kansas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kansas/)
- [utah](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/utah/)
- [Mexico](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mexico/)
- [SMART](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/smart/)
- [Rubin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rubin/)
- [C-CAT](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/c-cat/)
- [hager](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hager/)
- [Commentary](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/commentary/)
- [Education](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/education/)
- [Second Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/second-amendment/)
- [DHHS](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dhhs/)
- [Child Care Development Block Grants](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/child-care-development-block-grants/)
- [child care](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/child-care/)
- [CCDBG](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ccdbg/)
- [CRD](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crd/)
- [CGC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cgc/)
- [garretson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/garretson/)
- [Ewald](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ewald/)
- [Valadez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/valadez/)
- [riya shah](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/riya-shah/)
- [national reentry week](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-reentry-week/)
- [prison](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prison/)
- [recidivism](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/recidivism/)
- [international megan's law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/international-megans-law/)
- [angel watch](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/angel-watch/)
- [sorna](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sorna/)
- [adam walsh](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/adam-walsh/)
- [hud](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hud/)
- [fair housing act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-housing-act/)
- [housing and urban development](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/housing-and-urban-development/)
- [housing discrimination](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/housing-discrimination/)
- [disparate impact](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/disparate-impact/)
- [Zatz](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/zatz/)
- [debt](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/debt/)
- [workers rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/workers-rights/)
- [child support](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/child-support/)
- [U.S. V. Doe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/u-s-v-doe/)
- [Kokkonen](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kokkonen/)
- [arizona](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/arizona/)
- [scarlet letter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scarlet-letter/)
- [State Department](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/state-department/)
- [IML](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/iml/)
- [hb40](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hb40/)
- [kennedy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kennedy/)
- [megan's law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/megans-law/)
- [Felon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/felon/)
- [Crime Report](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crime-report/)
- [contracting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/contracting/)
- [bill keller](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bill-keller/)
- [media](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/media/)
- [national clean slate clearinghouse](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-clean-slate-clearinghouse/)
- [department of labor](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/department-of-labor/)
- [contract](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/contract/)
- [nrrc](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nrrc/)
- [national reentry resource center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-reentry-resource-center/)
- [Caplan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/caplan/)
- [certificate](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate/)
- [Mason](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mason/)
- [Keller](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/keller/)
- [Label](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/label/)
- [Marcoux](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marcoux/)
- [Szad](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/szad/)
- [department of education](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/department-of-education/)
- [college](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/college/)
- [muniz](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/muniz/)
- [gilbert](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gilbert/)
- [reed](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reed/)
- [halfway house](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/halfway-house/)
- [healthcare](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/healthcare/)
- [medicaid](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/medicaid/)
- [prisoners](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prisoners/)
- [university of south carolina](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-south-carolina/)
- [certificate of qualification for employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-qualification-for-employment/)
- [leasure](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/leasure/)
- [andersen](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/andersen/)
- [Block](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/block/)
- [Nesbeth](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nesbeth/)
- [Easter District of New York](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/easter-district-of-new-york/)
- [cassidy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cassidy/)
- [district court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/district-court/)
- [Travis](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/travis/)
- [maura ewing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maura-ewing/)
- [board](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/board/)
- [August Wilson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/august-wilson/)
- [lemere](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lemere/)
- [chaidez](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chaidez/)
- [Brock Turner](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/brock-turner/)
- [Chicago](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chicago/)
- [Austin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/austin/)
- [ampersand](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ampersand/)
- [Lyft](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lyft/)
- [expulsion](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/expulsion/)
- [discipline](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/discipline/)
- [weisburd](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/weisburd/)
- [mayson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mayson/)
- [washington](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington/)
- [crop](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crop/)
- [certificate of restoration of opportunity](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificate-of-restoration-of-opportunity/)
- [plea bargaining](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/plea-bargaining/)
- [Kleinfeld](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kleinfeld/)
- [France](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/france/)
- [Germany](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/germany/)
- [Italy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/italy/)
- [nixon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nixon/)
- [prosecution](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prosecution/)
- [Howell](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/howell/)
- [Carter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/carter/)
- [Moulton](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/moulton/)
- [Boone](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/boone/)
- [DiBlasio](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/diblasio/)
- [Practitioners Advisory Group](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/practitioners-advisory-group/)
- [Murray](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/murray/)
- [Mikva](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mikva/)
- [U.S. News](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/u-s-news/)
- [Nelson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nelson/)
- [Benjamin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/benjamin/)
- [Brooklyn](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/brooklyn/)
- [Eastern District of New York](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eastern-district-of-new-york/)
- [Gibson Dunn](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gibson-dunn/)
- [alternatives to incarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alternatives-to-incarceration/)
- [Lynch](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lynch/)
- [Eli Hager](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eli-hager/)
- [Reentry Resource Council](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reentry-resource-council/)
- [Cornell](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cornell/)
- [expunm](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/expunm/)
- [Smith v. Doe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/smith-v-doe/)
- [Does v. Snyder](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/does-v-snyder/)
- [SORA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sora/)
- [david becker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/david-becker/)
- [gun rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gun-rights/)
- [disenfranchisement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/disenfranchisement/)
- [Cline](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cline/)
- [csg](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/csg/)
- [HHS](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hhs/)
- [Health and Human Services](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/health-and-human-services/)
- [passport](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/passport/)
- [Chammah](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chammah/)
- [Sentencing Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sentencing-project/)
- [election](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/election/)
- [Hayashi v. IDFPR](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hayashi-v-idfpr/)
- [Anderson v. IDFPR](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/anderson-v-idfpr/)
- [P.A. 99-0886](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/p-a-99-0886/)
- [DOJ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/doj/)
- [Sandcastle Towers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sandcastle-towers/)
- [Maryand](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maryand/)
- [Probation before judgment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/probation-before-judgment/)
- [Heritage Foundation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/heritage-foundation/)
- [Paul Larkin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/paul-larkin/)
- [vice president](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vice-president/)
- [Act 5](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/act-5/)
- [Pence](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pence/)
- [Eastern District](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eastern-district/)
- [Demleitner](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/demleitner/)
- [Fourth Circuit](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fourth-circuit/)
- [Doe v. Cooper](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/doe-v-cooper/)
- [Legal Action Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/legal-action-center/)
- [Section 8](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/section-8/)
- [Diversion](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/diversion/)
- [Fees](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fees/)
- [Montana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/montana/)
- [Nevada](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nevada/)
- [North Dakota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/north-dakota/)
- [Oregon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/oregon/)
- [South Dakota](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/south-dakota/)
- [Texas](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/texas/)
- [Wyoming](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wyoming/)
- [First Amendment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/first-amendment/)
- [Packingham](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/packingham/)
- [Internet](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/internet/)
- [Restoration of Rights Resource](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/restoration-of-rights-resource/)
- [NCSC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ncsc/)
- [Commercial record providers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/commercial-record-providers/)
- [Craigie; ban-the-box](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/craigie-ban-the-box/)
- [Selbin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/selbin/)
- [McCrary](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mccrary/)
- [Eleanor Holmes Norton](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eleanor-holmes-norton/)
- [Home Rule](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/home-rule/)
- [Chin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chin/)
- [Grand jury](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/grand-jury/)
- [second chance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/second-chance/)
- [Eric Luna](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eric-luna/)
- [Ormonde](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ormonde/)
- [Beth Avery](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beth-avery/)
- [CFRR](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cfrr/)
- [Compilation of Federal Collateral Consequences](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/compilation-of-federal-collateral-consequences/)
- [Scholarship round-up](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scholarship-round-up/)
- [Trone](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/trone/)
- [Justice Kennedy](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/justice-kennedy/)
- [Justice Alito](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/justice-alito/)
- [SCOTUSblog](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/scotusblog/)
- [Fact-Checker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fact-checker/)
- [Washington Post](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington-post/)
- [Packningham](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/packningham/)
- [Alito](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alito/)
- [Jae Lee](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jae-lee/)
- [deportation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/deportation/)
- [Restoration of Rights Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/restoration-of-rights-project/)
- [NLADA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nlada/)
- [LAC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lac/)
- [National HIRE Network](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-hire-network/)
- [Fair Housing and Employment Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-housing-and-employment-act/)
- [Corda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/corda/)
- [Howard](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/howard/)
- [Sarma](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sarma/)
- [Munoz](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/munoz/)
- [PACDL](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pacdl/)
- [Cabrini Green](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cabrini-green/)
- [Trump](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/trump/)
- [Arpaio](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/arpaio/)
- [Fair Employent Practices](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-employent-practices/)
- [FEHA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/feha/)
- [Forgiving and Forgetting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/forgiving-and-forgetting/)
- [CCCC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cccc/)
- [Inventory](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/inventory/)
- [Bingham](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bingham/)
- [Ex Post Facto](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ex-post-facto/)
- [Due Process](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/due-process/)
- [temelkoski](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/temelkoski/)
- [bashir](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bashir/)
- [HireRight](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hireright/)
- [Starr](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/starr/)
- [Prescott](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prescott/)
- [Radice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/radice/)
- [megan stevenson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/megan-stevenson/)
- [Holcomb](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/holcomb/)
- [Institute for Justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/institute-for-justice/)
- [Occupational Licensing Learning Consortium](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/occupational-licensing-learning-consortium/)
- [Fallon](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fallon/)
- [Beth Colgan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beth-colgan/)
- [Crystal Yang](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crystal-yang/)
- [bail](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bail/)
- [Eisha Jain](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eisha-jain/)
- [pre-trial incarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pre-trial-incarceration/)
- [Brownback](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/brownback/)
- [healthcare licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/healthcare-licensing/)
- [home health care](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/home-health-care/)
- [adult care](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/adult-care/)
- [civil death](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/civil-death/)
- [HR 1419](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hr-1419/)
- [certificates of relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/certificates-of-relief/)
- [CCOLA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ccola/)
- [Federal Sentencing Reporter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-sentencing-reporter/)
- [Stacey](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stacey/)
- [Unlock](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/unlock/)
- [spent](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/spent/)
- [Rehabilitation of Offenders](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rehabilitation-of-offenders/)
- [United Kingdom](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/united-kingdom/)
- [UK](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uk/)
- [UK Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uk-supreme-court/)
- ["T"](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/t/)
- [R (on the Application of P)](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/r-on-the-application-of-p/)
- [Disclosure and Barring Service](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/disclosure-and-barring-service/)
- [DBS](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dbs/)
- [Lord Carnath](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lord-carnath/)
- [Home Office](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/home-office/)
- [Donovan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/donovan/)
- [firefighter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/firefighter/)
- [sibilla](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sibilla/)
- [Grewal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/grewal/)
- [Ohio State](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ohio-state/)
- [Douglas Berman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/douglas-berman/)
- [marijuana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marijuana/)
- [occupational licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/occupational-licensing/)
- [Drug Enforcement and Policy Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drug-enforcement-and-policy-center/)
- [ballot initiative](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ballot-initiative/)
- [David O. Carter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/david-o-carter/)
- [Central District of California](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/central-district-of-california/)
- [nick sibilla](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nick-sibilla/)
- [Collateral Consequences in Occupational Licensing Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/collateral-consequences-in-occupational-licensing-act/)
- [AB 2138](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ab-2138/)
- [comparative law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/comparative-law/)
- [Forgiving & Forgetting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/forgiving-forgetting/)
- [reintegration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reintegration/)
- [West publishing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/west-publishing/)
- [Colgan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/colgan/)
- [wealth-based sanctions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wealth-based-sanctions/)
- [Sullum](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sullum/)
- [Reason](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reason/)
- [Oxford Research Enclyclopedia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/oxford-research-enclyclopedia/)
- [Nessel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nessel/)
- [Alessandro Corda](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/alessandro-corda/)
- [UK Human Rights Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uk-human-rights-act/)
- [Rehabilitation of Offenders Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rehabilitation-of-offenders-act/)
- [European Human Rights Convention](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/european-human-rights-convention/)
- [Washington State Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington-state-supreme-court/)
- [Childcare licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/childcare-licensing/)
- [Jacob Sullum](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jacob-sullum/)
- [marijuana legalization](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marijuana-legalization/)
- [Office of Personnel Management](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/office-of-personnel-management/)
- [Non-conviction records project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/non-conviction-records-project/)
- [Mugshots](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mugshots/)
- [Community Legal Services of Philadelphia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/community-legal-services-of-philadelphia/)
- [Sonja Starr](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sonja-starr/)
- [J.J. Prescott](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/j-j-prescott/)
- [Empirical research](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/empirical-research/)
- [drugs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drugs/)
- [Ohio State University Moritz College of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ohio-state-university-moritz-college-of-law/)
- [New Leaf Program](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/new-leaf-program/)
- [Marijuana Justice Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marijuana-justice-act/)
- [Senator Cory Booker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/senator-cory-booker/)
- [Hoskins](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hoskins/)
- [CLC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clc/)
- [Fetterman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fetterman/)
- [Brandon Flood](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/brandon-flood/)
- [McFadden](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mcfadden/)
- [Wolf](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wolf/)
- [Torsilieri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/torsilieri/)
- [University of Missouri](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-missouri/)
- [Felony disenfranchisement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/felony-disenfranchisement/)
- [Michael M. O’Hear](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/michael-m-ohear/)
- [Gaines](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gaines/)
- [Thurston](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/thurston/)
- [Northwestern](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/northwestern/)
- [federal employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-employment/)
- [Cannabis](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cannabis/)
- [Vines](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vines/)
- [Cage-free](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cage-free/)
- [Bronx Defenders](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bronx-defenders/)
- [University of Richmond School of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-richmond-school-of-law/)
- [Paul T. Crane](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/paul-t-crane/)
- [Iowa Supreme Court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/iowa-supreme-court/)
- [Court-appointed attorney fees](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/court-appointed-attorney-fees/)
- [Padilla v. Kentucky](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/padilla-v-kentucky/)
- [jury](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jury/)
- [right to counsel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/right-to-counsel/)
- [University of Michigan Law School](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-michigan-law-school/)
- [Jj Prescott](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jj-prescott/)
- [Jordan Hyatt](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jordan-hyatt/)
- [Sarah Lageson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sarah-lageson/)
- [McMullen](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mcmullen/)
- [Marquette](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/marquette/)
- [Law Enforcement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/law-enforcement/)
- [UCLA](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ucla/)
- [Lageson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lageson/)
- [Disordered punishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/disordered-punishment/)
- [criminology](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminology/)
- [Aldaco](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/aldaco/)
- [Dickerson v. New Banner](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dickerson-v-new-banner/)
- [Sentencing Guidelines](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sentencing-guidelines/)
- [crane](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crane/)
- [levin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/levin/)
- [pickett](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pickett/)
- [kirk](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kirk/)
- [bushway](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bushway/)
- [lytle](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lytle/)
- [horn](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/horn/)
- [wakefield](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/wakefield/)
- [O'Hear](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ohear/)
- [denver](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/denver/)
- [Title VI Guidance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/title-vi-guidance/)
- [amicus brief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/amicus-brief/)
- [Automatic](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/automatic/)
- [AB 1076](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ab-1076/)
- [SB 310](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sb-310/)
- [AB 1394](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ab-1394/)
- [Fines and fees](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fines-and-fees/)
- [Record-sealing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/record-sealing/)
- [Third Quarter](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/third-quarter/)
- [Legislative Round-up](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/legislative-round-up/)
- [#cjreform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cjreform/)
- [Criminal justice reform](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-justice-reform/)
- [Association of Prosecuting Attorneys](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/association-of-prosecuting-attorneys/)
- [National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-association-of-criminal-defense-lawyers/)
- [National Legal Aid & Defender Association](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-legal-aid-defender-association/)
- [Sandra G. Mayson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sandra-g-mayson/)
- [Yale Law Journal](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/yale-law-journal/)
- [Bias In](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bias-in/)
- [Bias Out](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bias-out/)
- [Algorithmic risk assessments](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/algorithmic-risk-assessments/)
- [Reentry court](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reentry-court/)
- [Supervision to Aid Reentry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/supervision-to-aid-reentry/)
- [rosen](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rosen/)
- [DeWine](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/dewine/)
- [Drug Enforcement Policy Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drug-enforcement-policy-center/)
- [Unikversioty of Akron](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/unikversioty-of-akron/)
- [Expedited Pardon Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/expedited-pardon-project/)
- [non-convictions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/non-convictions/)
- [model law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/model-law/)
- [Collateral Consequences Resource Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/collateral-consequences-resource-center/)
- [David Schlussel](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/david-schlussel/)
- [Maureen Cain](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maureen-cain/)
- [Office of the Colorado State Public Defender](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/office-of-the-colorado-state-public-defender/)
- [Steven L. Chanenson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/steven-l-chanenson/)
- [Villanova University](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/villanova-university/)
- [Charles Widger School of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/charles-widger-school-of-law/)
- [Colleen Chien](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/colleen-chien/)
- [University of Santa Clara Law School](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-santa-clara-law-school/)
- [Gabriel “Jack” Chin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/gabriel-jack-chin/)
- [UC Davis School of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/uc-davis-school-of-law/)
- [Queen’s University](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/queens-university/)
- [Belfast School of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/belfast-school-of-law/)
- [Nora Demleitner](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nora-demleitner/)
- [Washington and Lee University School of Law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington-and-lee-university-school-of-law/)
- [Eric Fish](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eric-fish/)
- [Federal Defenders of San Diego](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-defenders-of-san-diego/)
- [Jordan M. Hyatt](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jordan-m-hyatt/)
- [Drexel University](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drexel-university/)
- [Hon. Craig S. Iscoe](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hon-craig-s-iscoe/)
- [Superior Court of the District of Columbia](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/superior-court-of-the-district-of-columbia/)
- [Beth Johnson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/beth-johnson/)
- [Rights and Restoration Law Group](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rights-and-restoration-law-group/)
- [Sarah E. Lageson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sarah-e-lageson/)
- [Rutgers School of Criminal Justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rutgers-school-of-criminal-justice/)
- [Karen Lantz](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/karen-lantz/)
- [ACLU of Delaware](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/aclu-of-delaware/)
- [Roberta “Toni” Meyers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/roberta-toni-meyers/)
- [Samantha Reiser](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/samantha-reiser/)
- [John Rubin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/john-rubin/)
- [University of North Carolina School of Government](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/university-of-north-carolina-school-of-government/)
- [Tarra Simmons](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/tarra-simmons/)
- [Washington Public Defender Association](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington-public-defender-association/)
- [Kate Stith](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/kate-stith/)
- [Yale Law School](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/yale-law-school/)
- [Rep. Mike Weissman](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/rep-mike-weissman/)
- [Colorado General Assembly](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/colorado-general-assembly/)
- [Judith Whiting](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/judith-whiting/)
- [Community Service Society of New York](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/community-service-society-of-new-york/)
- [arrest records](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/arrest-records/)
- [Federal Fair Chance Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-fair-chance-act/)
- [Maurice Emsellem](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/maurice-emsellem/)
- [federal contracts](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-contracts/)
- [National Consumer Law Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-consumer-law-center/)
- [Ariel Nelson](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ariel-nelson/)
- [Criminal Background Checks](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-background-checks/)
- [vote](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/vote/)
- [public office](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/public-office/)
- [Fair chance licensing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-chance-licensing/)
- [Fair chance employment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-chance-employment/)
- [Fair Chance Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fair-chance-act/)
- [Pathways to Reintegration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pathways-to-reintegration/)
- [Record relief](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/record-relief/)
- [Criminal record reforms](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-record-reforms/)
- [Eleventh Circuit](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eleventh-circuit/)
- [Automatic expungement](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/automatic-expungement/)
- [John Howard Society](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/john-howard-society/)
- [Legalization](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/legalization/)
- [Decriminalization](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/decriminalization/)
- [FDIC](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/fdic/)
- [bank](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/bank/)
- [National Employment Law Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/national-employment-law-project/)
- [Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/leadership-conference-on-civil-and-human-rights/)
- [financial institutions](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/financial-institutions/)
- [COVID-19](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/covid-19/)
- [Coronavirus](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/coronavirus/)
- [Small business loan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/small-business-loan/)
- [Stimulus](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/stimulus/)
- [CARES Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cares-act/)
- [Paycheck Protection Program](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/paycheck-protection-program/)
- [COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/covid-19-economic-injury-disaster-loan/)
- [Amendment 4](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/amendment-4/)
- [Economic Injury Disaster Loans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/economic-injury-disaster-loans/)
- [Community Legal Services](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/community-legal-services/)
- [Justice & Accountability Center of Louisiana](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/justice-accountability-center-of-louisiana/)
- [Public Interest Law Center](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/public-interest-law-center/)
- [Safer Foundation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/safer-foundation/)
- [Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/washington-lawyers-committee-for-civil-rights-and-urban-affairs/)
- [Drug Policy Alliance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/drug-policy-alliance/)
- [corona](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/corona/)
- [virus](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/virus/)
- [criminal justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/criminal-justice/)
- [decarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/decarceration/)
- [public health](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/public-health/)
- [prosecutor](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/prosecutor/)
- [mass incarceration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mass-incarceration/)
- [mass imprisonment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mass-imprisonment/)
- [American Civil Liberties Union](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/american-civil-liberties-union/)
- [Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chicago-lawyers-committee-for-civil-rights/)
- [FreedomWorks](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/freedomworks/)
- [Georgia Justice Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/georgia-justice-project/)
- [Interfaith Action for Human Rights](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/interfaith-action-for-human-rights/)
- [Jewish Council for Public Affairs](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jewish-council-for-public-affairs/)
- [Justice Action Network](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/justice-action-network/)
- [Main Street Alliance](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/main-street-alliance/)
- [Out For Justice](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/out-for-justice/)
- [Reproductive Justice Inside](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/reproductive-justice-inside/)
- [Women Against Registry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/women-against-registry/)
- [Root & Rebound](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/root-rebound/)
- [Mnuchin](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mnuchin/)
- [Carranza](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/carranza/)
- [Small Business](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/small-business/)
- [EIDL](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/eidl/)
- [disaster loans](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/disaster-loans/)
- [Small Business Administ](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/small-business-administ/)
- [PPP](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/ppp/)
- [HEROES Act](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/heroes-act/)
- [Jones v. DeSantis](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/jones-v-desantis/)
- [covid](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/covid/)
- [Protester](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/protester/)
- [Economic Injury Disaster Loan](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/economic-injury-disaster-loan/)
- [Internal Revenue Service](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/internal-revenue-service/)
- [moral character](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/moral-character/)
- [Many Roads to Reintegration](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/many-roads-to-reintegration/)
- [Many roads](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/many-roads/)
- [LFO](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/lfo/)
- [Sheena Meade](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sheena-meade/)
- [automation](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/automation/)
- [Nationmal Employment Law Project](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nationmal-employment-law-project/)
- [data brokers](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/data-brokers/)
- [meyler](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/meyler/)
- [Code for America](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/code-for-america/)
- [Clean Slate Initiative](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/clean-slate-initiative/)
- [Crime and Justice Institute](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/crime-and-justice-institute/)
- [Chamber of Commerce](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/chamber-of-commerce/)
- [Hutchings](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/hutchings/)
- [Salt Lake County](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/salt-lake-county/)
- [e-filing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/e-filing/)
- [electronic filing](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/electronic-filing/)
- [federal law](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/federal-law/)
- [Cipriano](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/cipriano/)
- [digital pinishment](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/digital-pinishment/)
- [webster](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/webster/)
- [sandoval](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/sandoval/)
- [Law and Social Inquiry](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/law-and-social-inquiry/)
- [Pritzker](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/pritzker/)
- [Nikki Donnelly](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/nikki-donnelly/)
- [Courtney Kelledes](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/courtney-kelledes/)
- [Harris County](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/harris-county/)
- [Mueller-Smith](https://ccresourcecenter.org/tag/mueller-smith/)